Chap004国际经营443397.pptx

《Chap004国际经营443397.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Chap004国际经营443397.pptx（41页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/IrwinGlobal Business TodayGlobal Business Today 7eby Charles W.L.Hill4-2Chapter 4Chapter 4Ethics in International Business4-3IntroductionEthics-accepted principles of right or wrong that govern the conduct of a person,th

2、e members of a profession,or the actions of an organization Business ethics are the accepted principles of right or wrong governing the conduct of business peopleEthical strategy is a strategy,or course of action,that does not violate these accepted principles4-4 Ethical Issues in International Busi

3、nessThe most common ethical issues in business involve employment practiceshuman rightsenvironmental regulationscorruptionthe moral obligation of multinational companies4-5Employment Practices Question:When work conditions in a host nations are clearly inferior to those in a multinationals home nati

4、on,what standards should be applied?The standards of the home nation?The standards of the host nation?Something in between?4-6Human Rights Question:What is the responsibility of a foreign multinational when operating in a country where basic human rights are not respected?Basic human rights taken fo

5、r granted in the developed world such as freedom of association,freedom of speech,freedom of assembly,freedom of movement,and so on,are not universally accepted4-7Environmental Pollution Question:Should a multinational feel free to pollute in a developing nation if doing so does not violate laws?Ans

6、wer:When environmental regulations in host nations are far inferior to those in the home nation,ethical issues ariseThe tragedy of the commons occurs when a resource held in common by all,but owned by no one,is overused by individuals resulting in its degradation4-8Corruption Question:Is it ethical

7、to make payments to government officials to secure business?Answer:In the United States,the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act outlawed the practice of paying bribes to foreign government officials in order to gain business The Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International

8、Business Transactions adopted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD)obliges member states to make the bribery of foreign public officials a criminal offense4-9CorruptionSome economists suggest that the practice of giving bribes might be the price that must be paid to do a

9、 greater goodIn countries where preexisting political structures distort or limit the workings of the market mechanism,corruption in the form of black-marketeering,smuggling,and side payments to government bureaucrats to“speed up”approval for business investments may actually enhance welfare However

10、,other economists have argued that corruption reduces the returns on business investment and leads to low economic growth4-10Moral Obligations Question:Do multinationals have a responsibility to give back to the societies that enable them to grow and prosper?Answer:Social responsibility-the idea tha

11、t business people should take the social consequences of economic actions into account when making business decisions,and that there should be a presumption in favor of decisions that have both good economic and good social consequences 4-11Ethical DilemmasManagers often face situations where the ap

12、propriate course of action is not clear Ethical dilemmas-situations in which none of the available alternatives seems ethically acceptablethey exist because real world decisions are complex,difficult to frame,and involve various consequences that are difficult to quantify 4-12 The Roots of Unethical

13、 Behavior Question:Why do managers behave in an unethical manner?Answer:Managerial behavior is influenced byPersonal ethicsDecision making processesOrganizational cultureUnrealistic performance expectationsLeadership4-13 The Roots of Unethical BehaviorFigure 4.1:Determinants of Ethical Behavior 4-14

14、Personal EthicsBusiness ethics reflect personal ethics(the generally accepted principles of right and wrong governing the conduct of individuals)Expatriates may face pressure to violate their personal ethics because they are away from their ordinary social context and supporting culturethey are psyc

15、hologically and geographically distant from the parent company 4-15Decision Making ProcessesStudies show that business people may behave unethically because they fail to ask the relevant questionis this decision or action ethical?decisions are made based on economic logic,without consideration for e

16、thics 4-16Organizational CultureUnethical behavior may exist in firms with an organization culture-the values and norms that are shared among employees of an organization-that does not emphasize business ethicsValues and norms shape the culture of a firm,and that culture influences decision making4-

17、17 Unrealistic Performance ExpectationsPressure from the parent company to meet performance goals that are unrealistic,and can only be attained by cutting corners or acting in an unethical manner can cause unethical behavior 4-18LeadershipIf a firms leaders fail to act in an ethical manner,other emp

18、loyees may not act ethicallyactions speak louder than words4-19 Philosophical Approaches to EthicsThere are several approaches to business ethics includingStraw menthe Friedman doctrinecultural relativismthe righteous moralistthe nave immoralistUtilitarian and Kantian Rights theoriesJustice Theories

19、 4-20Straw MenStraw men approaches are raised by business ethics scholars primarily for the purpose of demonstrating that they offer inappropriate guidelines for ethical decision making in a multinational enterprise Four such approaches are the Friedman doctrinecultural relativismthe righteous moral

20、istthe nave immoralist4-21Straw MenFriedman Doctrine-the only social responsibility of business is to increase profits,so long as the company stays within the rules of law companies should not undertake expenditures beyond those mandated by law and those required for the efficient running of a busin

21、ess Cultural Relativism-the belief that ethics are culturally determined and that firms should adopt the ethics of the cultures in which they operate“when in Rome,do as the Romans do”4-22Straw MenRighteous Moralist-a multinationals home country standards of ethics are the appropriate ones for compan

22、ies to follow in foreign countries approach is common among managers from developed countriesNave Immoralist-if a manager of a multinational sees that firms from other nations are not following ethical norms in a host nation,that manager should not eitheractions are ethically justified if everyone e

23、lse is doing the same thing4-23Utilitarian and Kantian EthicsUtilitarian approaches to ethics hold that the moral worth of actions or practices is determined by their consequencesactions have multiple consequences,some good,some notactions are desirable if they leads to the best possible balance of

24、good consequences over bad consequencesProblems with this approachmeasuring the benefits,costs,and risks of a course of actionthe philosophy fails to consider justice4-24Utilitarian and Kantian EthicsKantian ethics-based on the philosophy of Immanuel Kant who argued that people should be treated as

25、ends and never purely as means to the ends of others people have dignity and need to be respected,they are not machines4-25Rights TheoriesRights theories-human beings have fundamental rights and privileges that transcend national boundaries and culturefundamental human rights form the basis for the

26、moral compass that managers should navigate by when making decisions that have an ethical componentThe idea that some fundamental rights transcend national borders and cultures was the underlying motivation for the UNs Universal Declaration of Human Rights(specifies the basic principles that should

27、always be adhered to irrespective of the culture in which one is doing business)4-26Justice TheoriesJustice theories focus on the attainment of a just distribution(one that is considered fair and equitable)of economic goods and servicesJohn Rawls-all economic goods and services should be distributed

28、 equally except when an unequal distribution would work to everyones advantage Impartiality is guaranteed by the veil of ignorance(everyone is imagined to be ignorant of all his or her particular characteristics)4-27Justice Theories Question:What system would people design under a veil of ignorance?

29、Answer:A system where people would agree that each person is permitted the maximum amount of basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for othersOnce equal basic liberty is assured,inequality in basic goods social goods are to be allowed only if they benefit everyone the difference principle s

30、uggests that inequalities are justified if they benefit the position of the least advantaged person4-28Implications for Managers Question:How can managers ensure that ethical issues are considered in business decisions?Answer:Managers should favor hiring and promoting people with a well grounded sen

31、se of personal ethicsbuild an organizational culture that places a high value on ethical behaviormake sure that leaders within the business not only articulate the rhetoric of ethical behavior,but also act in manner that is consistent with that rhetoricput decision making processes in place that req

32、uire people to consider the ethical dimension of business decisionsdevelop moral courage4-29Hiring and PromotionBusinesses should strive to identify and hire people with a strong sense of personal ethics Prospective employees should find out as much as they can about the ethical climate in an organi

33、zation 4-30 Organization Culture and LeadershipBusinesses need to build an organization culture that places a high value on ethical behaviorthe business must explicitly articulate values that place a strong emphasis on ethical behaviorcode of ethics-a formal statement of the ethical priorities a bus

34、iness adheres to leaders in the business should give life and meaning to the code of ethics by repeatedly emphasizing their importance,and then acting on themthe business should put in place a system of incentives and rewards that recognize people who engage in ethical behavior and sanction those wh

35、o do not4-31Decision-Making Processes A moral compass can help determine whether a decision is ethical.If a manager can answer“yes”to the following questions,the decision is ethically acceptable does my decision fall within the accepted values of standards that typically apply in the organizational

36、environment?am I willing to see the decision communicated to all stakeholders affected by it?would the people with whom I have significant personal relationships approve of the decision?4-32Decision-Making ProcessesA five-step process can also help managers think through ethical issues1.How would a

37、decision affect stakeholders-the individuals or groups who have an interest,stake,or claim in the actions and overall performance of a company Internal stakeholders-people who work for or who own the business such as employees,the board of directors,and stockholders.External stakeholders-the individ

38、uals or groups who have some claim on a firm such as customers,suppliers,and unions4-33Decision-Making Processes2.Managers need to determine whether a proposed decision would violate the fundamental rights of any stakeholders 3.Managers need to establish moral intent-the business must resolve to pla

39、ce moral concerns ahead of other concerns in cases where either the fundamental rights of stakeholders or key moral principles have been violated4.The company should then engage in ethical behavior 5.The business must audit its decisions,reviewing them to make sure that they were consistent with eth

40、ical principles4-34Ethics OfficersTo encourage ethical behavior in a business,a number of firms now have ethics officersEthics officers ensure thatemployees are trained to be ethically awareethical considerations enter decision-makingthe companys code of ethics is followed 4-35Moral CourageEmployees

41、 in an international business may need significant moral couragemanagers need to be able too walk away from decisions that are profitable,but unethicalemployees need to be able to say no to actions that are unethical 4-36 Summary of Decision-Making StepsInternational businesses shouldstrive to hire

42、and promote people based on ethical considerations as well as other metrics of performanceestablish an ethical culture within the organizationappoint ethics officerscreate an environment that facilitates moral courageIt is important to recognize that not all ethical dilemmas have a clear and obvious

43、 solution4-37 Classroom Performance SystemMultinational companies are concerned with ethics is all of the following areas excepta)Employment practicesb)Human rightsc)Environmental regulationsd)Trade regulations4-38 Classroom Performance SystemWhich of the following does not contribute to unethical b

44、ehavior by managers?a)Unrealistic performance goalsb)Leadershipc)Organizational cultured)Restrictions on bribes4-39 Classroom Performance SystemWhich philosophy claims that a companys home-country standards of ethics are the appropriate ones to follow in foreign countries?a)Cultural relativismb)Righteous moralistc)Friedman doctrined)Nave immoralist4-40 Classroom Performance SystemA companys formal statement of ethical priorities is called itsa)Mission statementb)Code of ethicsc)Code of valuesd)Organizational culture4-41演讲完毕，谢谢观看！