大学英语写作四级写作.ppt

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1、 四级写作 主要内容 1.大学英语四级考试写作要求 2.四级考试的总体改动（计分体制的变动，考试内容的变动）3.四级写作评分原则及标准 4.四级作文命题规律 历年四级作文题目 命题形式 命题规律 四级作文可能会出现的题目.55四级作文中的常见错误四级作文中的常见错误词层面词层面句子层面句子层面语篇层面语篇层面语法方面语法方面标点用法标点用法拼写错误拼写错误66怎样写好四级作文怎样写好四级作文如何开头如何开头如何结尾如何结尾行文中间行文中间77四级作文范例四级作文范例88如何提高写作能力如何提高写作能力1.大学英语四级考试写作要求 目前指导大学英语教学的大学英语教学要求中规定，一般要求（一般要求

2、是高等院校非英语专业本科毕业生应达到的基本要求，也就是四级要达到的水平）的英语书面表达能力为：能用常见的应用文体完成一般的写作任务，能描述个人经历、事件、观感、情感等，能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出120 词的短文，内容基本完整、用词恰当，语篇连贯。能在一般或应用写作中使用恰当的写作技能。2.四级考试的总体改动3.四级写作评分原则及标准3.1.3.1.评分原则：评分原则：CETCET作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就总的作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分印象给出奖励分,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内从

3、内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括该给低分的给低分，包括00分，一名阅卷人员在所分，一名阅卷

4、人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。3.2.评分标准 本题满分为 本题满分为15 15 分 分.共分五等：共分五等：2-4 2-4 分、分、5-7 5-7 分、分、8-10 8-10 分、分、11-13 11-13 分及 分及14-15 14-15 分。分。2-4 2-4 分 分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或在部分句子 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或在部分句子均有错误，且多数严重错误。均有错误，且多数严重错误。5-7 5-7 分 分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误

5、。的严重语言错误。8-10 8-10 分 分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11-13 11-13 分 分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。错误。14-15 14-15 分 分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词 注：白卷，作文

6、与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给 而无法表达思想，则给0 0 分。分。注：注：1.1.如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得 如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数 计入所写字数2.2.只写一段者：只写一段者：04 04 分；只写两段者：分；只写两段者：09 09 分（指规定三 分（指规定三段的作文）段的作文）4.四级作文命题规律4.1.历年四级作文题目 1995.1 Can Money Buy Happiness?1995.6 Advantages of a Job Interview 1996.1 The TwoDay Weekend 1996.6

7、 Global Shortage of Fresh Water 1997.1 Practice Makes Perfect 1997.6 Getting to Know the World Outside Campus 1998.1 Harmfulness of Fake Commodities 1998.6 Do“Lucky Numbers”Really Bring Good Luck?.1999.1 Dont Hesitate to Say“No”1999.1 Dont Hesitate to Say“No”1999.6 Reading Selectively or Extensively

8、?1999.6 Reading Selectively or Extensively?2000.1 How I Finance My College Education2000.1 How I Finance My College Education2000.6 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?2000.6 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?2001.1 How to Succeed in a Job Interview2001.1 How to Succeed in a Job Interview2001.

9、6 A Letter to a Schoolmate2001.6 A Letter to a Schoolmate2002.1 A Letter to the University President about 2002.1 A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campusthe Canteen Service on Campus2002.6 Students Use of Computers2002.6 Students Use of Computers2003.1 It Pays to Be

10、Honest2003.1 It Pays to Be Honest2003.6 An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic 2003.6 An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic AccidentAccident.2003.9 The Day My Classmate Fell Ill(or Got Injured)2003.12 A Letter in Reply to a Friend 2004.6 An Introduction for Tourists 2005.1 A campaign speech 2005.6 In hon

11、or of Teachers On the Occasion of Teachers Day 2005.12 Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?2006.6 An Announcement for a Voluntary Program4.2.命题形式 4.2.1.提纲作文 提纲作文实质上是议论文，其下可分为四种类型：现象阐释型:2003 年1 月四级作文考题 Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the

12、topic It Pays to Be Honest.You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.1.当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象；2.诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实。.问题对策型：问题对策型：分析问题，找出成因，提出解决办分析问题，找出成因，提出解决办法，题目实例如下：法，题目实例如下：19971997年年66月四级英语作文真题月四级英语作文真题Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty Directions:For t

13、his part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic minutes to write a composition on the topic Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus.Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus.You should write at least 100 words and you You should write at least 100 words and you sh

14、ould base your composition on the outline should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:(given in Chinese)below:1.1.大学生了解社会的必要性；大学生了解社会的必要性；2.2.了解社会的途径（大众媒介、社会服务等）；了解社会的途径（大众媒介、社会服务等）；3.3.我打算怎么做。我打算怎么做。.观点对比型观点对比型：辨析两种对立观点，题目实例如下：辨析两种对立观点，题目实例如下：19951995年年11月四级作文真题月四级作文真题Directi

15、ons:For this part,you are allowed 30 Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Can minutes to write a composition on the topic Can Money Buy Happiness?You should write no less Money Buy Happiness?You should write no less than 100 words and you should bas

16、e your than 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:below:1.1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本（有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of source of happinesshappiness）2.2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of all evilroot of all evil）3.3.我的看法我的看法.论说反驳型：支持或驳

17、斥一种观点，题目实例如下：1998 年6 月四级作文真题 Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do“Lucky Numbers”Really Bring Good Luck?You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运；2.我认为数字和运气无

18、关，4.2.2.图表作文近十年来图表作文只考过一次柱状图近十年来图表作文只考过一次柱状图4.2.3.4.2.3.情景作文的实质是记叙文，主要考过这几情景作文的实质是记叙文，主要考过这几种类型：种类型：A.A.书信书信（11）告知信）告知信/建议信建议信:20042004年年11月月 四级作文真题四级作文真题Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friends minutes to

19、 write a letter in reply to a friends inquiry about applying for admission to your inquiry about applying for admission to your college or university.You should write at least college or university.You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below 120 words according to the ou

20、tline given below in Chinese:in Chinese:1.1.建议报考的专业及理由；建议报考的专业及理由；2.2.报考该专业的基本条件；报考该专业的基本条件；3.3.应当如何备考。应当如何备考。.（22）综合信）综合信20022002年年11月四级作文真题月四级作文真题Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic:A minutes to

21、 write a composition on the topic:A Letter to the University President about the Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus You should write at Canteen Service on Campus You should write at least 120 words,and base your composition on least 120 words,and base your composi

22、tion on the outline given in Chinese below:the outline given in Chinese below:假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。可以兼而有之。.B.B.演讲致辞演讲致辞20052005年年11月四级作文真题月四级作文真题Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30

23、 Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a campaign speech in support minutes to write a campaign speech in support of your election to the post of chairman of the of your election to the post of chairman of the student union.You should write at least 120 student union.You shoul

24、d write at least 120 words following the outline given below in words following the outline given below in Chinese.Chinese.A Campaign SpeechA Campaign Speech1.1.你认为自己具备是什么条件你认为自己具备是什么条件(能力，性格，爱好能力，性格，爱好)可以胜任学生会主席工作，可以胜任学生会主席工作，2.2.如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？.议论文 议论文（共（共14 14 题）题）现象阐释型 现象阐释型：199

25、5 1995 年 年6 6 月，月，1996 1996 年 年1 1 月，月，1997 1997 年 年1 1 月，月，1998 1998 年 年1 1 月，月，1999 1999 年 年1 1 月 月,2003,2003 年 年1 1 月 月 问题对策型 问题对策型：1996 1996 年 年6 6 月，月，1997 1997 年 年6 6 月，月，2000 2000 年 年1 1 月，月，2001 2001 年 年1 1 月，月，观点对比型 观点对比型：1995 1995 年 年1 1 月，月，1999 1999 年 年6 6 月，月，2000 2000 年 年6 6 月 月 论证反驳型

26、论证反驳型：1998 1998 年 年6 6 月 月 图表作文 图表作文（共（共1 1 题）题）柱状图 柱状图：2002 2002 年 年6 6 月 月 记叙文 记叙文（共（共7 7 题）题）告知信 告知信/建议信 建议信：2001 2001 年 年6 6 月，月，2004 2004 年 年1 1 月 月 综合信 综合信：2002 2002 年 年1 1 月 月 综合叙事 综合叙事：2003 2003 年 年6 6 月，月，2003 2003 年 年9 9 月 月 演讲致辞 演讲致辞：2004 2004 年 年6 6 月，月，2005 2005 年 年1 1 月，月，2005 2005 年 年

27、6 6 月 月4.3.命题规律 1 1）新：对传统的三段论式作文提出挑战，新的题型层出）新：对传统的三段论式作文提出挑战，新的题型层出不穷。特别是 不穷。特别是2003 2003 年以来，先后考过交通事故目击证词、年以来，先后考过交通事故目击证词、导游词等首次出现的题目，所以仅仅依靠背诵套句变得越 导游词等首次出现的题目，所以仅仅依靠背诵套句变得越来越行不通。需要同学们重视提高自己的真正写作水平，来越行不通。需要同学们重视提高自己的真正写作水平，以不变应万变。以不变应万变。2 2）综合能力考核：纯粹的记叙、说明或议论文的考核被）综合能力考核：纯粹的记叙、说明或议论文的考核被同时考核三种能力的综

28、合性题目所代替，如 同时考核三种能力的综合性题目所代替，如2003 2003 年 年9 9 月份 月份的考题，就要求考生在第一段叙述你的 的考题，就要求考生在第一段叙述你的classmate classmate 生病或 生病或受伤的过程，第二段要求说明一下各方面对他的关心，第 受伤的过程，第二段要求说明一下各方面对他的关心，第三段要求你对这个事件展开讨论。这要求我们要全面发展 三段要求你对这个事件展开讨论。这要求我们要全面发展自己的写作能力，不可偏废。自己的写作能力，不可偏废。3 3）实用：实用文体的写作出现得越来越多，书信作文屡）实用：实用文体的写作出现得越来越多，书信作文屡次出现，次出现，

29、2004 2004 年 年6 6 月还考了一篇导游词。这体现了四级作 月还考了一篇导游词。这体现了四级作文对学生实际运用英语能力的关注，也是四级作文备考训 文对学生实际运用英语能力的关注，也是四级作文备考训练的重点之一。练的重点之一。4.4.四级作文可能会出现的题目 1）考试的命题作文大都是议论文结构，一般来说题目内容应该是考生所熟悉的，能够有话可说的，如那些社会热点问题就是经常出的题目。2）但不是所有的热点问题都会成为考试题目。考试题目还要和考试对象的文化背景，年龄特点相一致，所以有关大学生生活，学习，理想等的题目经常出现。3）作文题目会考虑到考生的语言水平，也就是说学生要求掌握的词汇和结构

30、能否足够表达所考的题目。.总的来说，根据学生要求掌握的词汇，根据学生总的来说，根据学生要求掌握的词汇，根据学生的知识结构，年龄特点和文化背景，出题的范围的知识结构，年龄特点和文化背景，出题的范围可大致如下：可大致如下：科学技术：计算机，克隆，电视，小汽车等对社科学技术：计算机，克隆，电视，小汽车等对社会和生活的影响会和生活的影响社会问题：如住房，交通，就业，犯罪，婚姻，社会问题：如住房，交通，就业，犯罪，婚姻，环境，能源和广告等环境，能源和广告等校园生活：如学习方式，考试，课余活动，体育校园生活：如学习方式，考试，课余活动，体育锻炼，人际交往和兴趣爱好等锻炼，人际交往和兴趣爱好等青少年问题：如

31、父子代沟，抽烟吸毒，个人思想，青少年问题：如父子代沟，抽烟吸毒，个人思想，职业选择，文化教育和成功失败等职业选择，文化教育和成功失败等文化教育：阅读，道德修养，出国留学，学生减文化教育：阅读，道德修养，出国留学，学生减负，教育与成长等负，教育与成长等5.四级作文中的常见错误5.1.5.1.词层面词层面5.1.1.5.1.1.用词搭配不恰当用词搭配不恰当However,the speed of a car is much faster than However,the speed of a car is much faster than that of a bicycle.that of a b

32、icycle.However,the speed of a car is much higher than However,the speed of a car is much higher than that of a bicycle.that of a bicycle.In the past the price of milk was so expensive In the past the price of milk was so expensive that most families could not afford it.that most families could not a

33、fford it.In the past the price of milk was so high that In the past the price of milk was so high that most families could not afford it.most families could not afford it.The opportunity to be promoted in a joint The opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be smaller if one cannot speak v

34、enture will be smaller if one cannot speak English.English.The opportunity to be promoted in a joint The opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be poorer if one cannot speak venture will be poorer if one cannot speak English.English.In recent one and two years,people who take In recent o

35、ne and two years,people who take TOEFL have decreased.TOEFL have decreased.In recent one and two years,the number of In recent one and two years,the number of people who take TOEFL test has decreased.people who take TOEFL test has decreased.In the past few years,grain has decreased by In the past fe

36、w years,grain has decreased by nearly 20%.nearly 20%.In the past few years,the consumption of grain In the past few years,the consumption of grain has decreased by nearly 20%.has decreased by nearly 20%.Nowadays,the traffic in big city is getting more Nowadays,the traffic in big city is getting more

37、 and more crowded.and more crowded.Nowadays,the traffic in big city is getting Nowadays,the traffic in big city is getting heavier and heavier.heavier and heavier.5.1.2.修饰语不当 He neither speaks English nor Chinese.He speaks neither English nor Chinese.Without television,people cannot get information

38、which comes from other parts of the world immediately.Without television,people cannot immediately get information which comes from other parts of the world.At the age of six,my father began to give me At the age of six,my father began to give me English lessons.English lessons.When I was six years

39、old,my father began to When I was six years old,my father began to give me English lessons.give me English lessons.Having carried out economic reforms in our Having carried out economic reforms in our country,peoples living standard has greatly country,peoples living standard has greatly improved.im

40、proved.Since economic reforms have been carried out in Since economic reforms have been carried out in our country,peoples living standard has greatly our country,peoples living standard has greatly improved.improved.To improve ones writing skill,regular practice is To improve ones writing skill,reg

41、ular practice is essential.essential.To improve ones writing skill,one must make a To improve ones writing skill,one must make a regular.regular.5.1.3.把形容词和介词误作动词 This term well very busy.This term well be very busy.The cave like a room very much.The cave looked very much like a room.I very like thi

42、s novel.I like this novel very much.5.1.4.少用连词 I started to play table-tennis in middle school,still play it now.I started to play table-tennis in middle school,and I still play it now.TV becomes an important part in out daily life.Because we cannot live without it.TV becomes an important part in ou

43、t daily life,because we cannot live without it.5.1.5.5.1.5.指代不当指代不当People have been fighting against the influences People have been fighting against the influences of TV commercials,but it often proves useless.of TV commercials,but it often proves useless.People have been fighting against the influ

44、ences People have been fighting against the influences of TV commercials,but this effort often proves of TV commercials,but this effort often proves useless.useless.Television provides us with a vivid,colorful Television provides us with a vivid,colorful world,which enables us to enjoy life thorough

45、ly.world,which enables us to enjoy life thoroughly.By providing us with a vivid,colorful world,By providing us with a vivid,colorful world,television enables us to enjoy life thoroughly.television enables us to enjoy life thoroughly.5.1.6.5.1.6.一致方面的错误一致方面的错误Study hard now so that we can cope with t

46、he Study hard now so that we can cope with the change and challenge of the twenty-first century.change and challenge of the twenty-first century.Study hard now so that you can cope with the Study hard now so that you can cope with the change and challenge of the twenty-first century.change and chall

47、enge of the twenty-first century.One serious problem human beings are faced One serious problem human beings are faced with are how to use our natural resources with are how to use our natural resources economically.economically.One serious problem human beings are faced One serious problem human be

48、ings are faced with is how to use our natural resources with is how to use our natural resources economically.economically.Now fruit and vegetables can be seen Now fruit and vegetables can be seen everywhere when it is in season.everywhere when it is in season.Now fruit and vegetables can be seen No

49、w fruit and vegetables can be seen everywhere when they are in season.everywhere when they are in season.5.1.7.5.1.7.词的误用词的误用With the industrious development,there is a With the industrious development,there is a great need for different kinds of energy.great need for different kinds of energy.With

50、the industrial development,there is a great With the industrial development,there is a great need for different kinds of energy.need for different kinds of energy.TV commercials have a profound influence on TV commercials have a profound influence on our every day life.our every day life.TV commerci