[精选]数字地球的关键技术-语义网和OWL简介31037.pptx
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1、数字地球与数字城市的关键技术语义网和OWL 简介数字地球与数字城市讲义之九张雪虎北京大学遥感与GIS 研究所2005 年11 月09 日概述 语义网简介 OWL 简介 实例演示(Protg OWL)小结语义网(Semantic Web)Tim Berners-Lee 推动的互联网2.0 版 全面应用元数据技术(标识所有的东西)而且是机器可以理解的“元数据”本体技术是实现语义网的核心 注意:不要和语义网络(Semantic Network)混淆译自Alan Rector et.al.的 Ontology Design Patterns and ProblemsTim Berners-Lee 讲故
2、事 The entertainment system was belting out the Beatles We Can Work It Out when the phone rang.When Pete answered,his phone turned the sound down by sending a message to all the other local devices that had a volume control.His sister,Lucy,was on the line from the doctors office:Mom needs to see a sp
3、ecialist and then has to have a series of physical therapy sessions.Biweekly or something.Im going to have my agent set up the appointments.Pete immediately agreed to share the chauffeuring.From TBLs Scientific American Article:The Semantic Web,2001 Tim Berners-Lee 讲故事 At the doctors office,Lucy ins
4、tructed her Semantic Web agent through her handheld Web browser.The agent promptly retrieved information about Moms prescribed treatment from the doctors agent,looked up several lists of providers,and checked for the ones in-plan for Moms insurance within a 20-mile radius of her home and with a rati
5、ng of excellent or very good on trusted rating services.It then began trying to find a match between available appointment times(supplied by the agents of individual providers through their Web sites)and Petes and Lucys busy schedules.(The emphasized keywords indicate terms whose semantics,or meanin
6、g,were defined for the agent through the Semantic Web.)From TBLs Scientific American Article:The Semantic Web,2001 Tim Berners-Lee 讲故事 In a few minutes the agent presented them with a plan.Pete didnt like itUniversity Hospital was all the way across town from Moms place,and hed be driving back in th
7、e middle of rush hour.He set his own agent to redo the search with stricter preferences about location and time.Lucys agent,having complete trust in Petes agent in the context of the present task,automatically assisted by supplying access certificates and shortcuts to the data it had already sorted
8、through.From TBLs Scientific American Article:The Semantic Web,2001 Tim Berners-Lee 讲故事 Almost instantly the new plan was presented:a much closer clinic and earlier timesbut there were two warning notes.First,Pete would have to reschedule a couple of his less important appointments.He checked what t
9、hey werenot a problem.The other was something about the insurance companys list failing to include this provider under physical therapists:Service type and insurance plan status securely verified by other means,the agent reassured him.(Details?)Lucy registered her assent at about the same moment Pet
10、e was muttering,Spare me the details,and it was all set.(Of course,Pete couldnt resist the details and later that night had his agent explain how it had found that provider even though it wasnt on the proper list.)From TBLs Scientific American Article:The Semantic Web,2001 语义网的协议 XML 标注的语法 XML Schem
11、a 标注结构和用词的限制 RDF 资源(对象)的数据模型(实体关系)RDF Schema 描述实体和关系的词汇定义 OWL 对RDF Schema 的扩展 描述逻辑(DL)的Web 化译自Ivan Herman,W3C 的SW Q&A 语义网与AI 的关系 语义网 采取“主语谓语宾语”的形式 一种表达元数据的简单方式 结构化和定义名词的方法 有限推理 与应用相关的规则 模糊逻辑 AI 还包括 联想 空间推理 图像,文字识别 复杂的决策流程译自Ivan Herman,W3C 的SW Q&A 所以SW 只是对AI的一小部分在Web 应用中的扩展语义网与AI 的关系 语义网避免了AI 中的难题,例如
12、 目前的机器还不能很好的理解一副图像或是一篇文章 语义网采取的方法是对这些文章和图像进行标注 也就是说用元数据弥补AI 的不足译自Ivan Herman,W3C 的SW Q&A RDF(Resource Description Framework)RDF 是一组语句,数学上可以表达为:资源:元素,URI.属性:两个资源间的关系(单向)语句:主语(资源)属性(谓语)宾语(资源)RDF 是关于这样的语句的通用模型译自Ivan Herman,W3C 的SW Q&A OWL OWL 是对RDF 的扩展:定义应用中的术语(ontologies)对属性进行限定(e.g.,cardinality const
13、raints)对属性的逻辑特点进行定义(e.g.,transitivity,functionality)定义不同本体之间的对等术语。译自Ivan Herman,W3C 的SW Q&A SW Tools(Graphical)Editors:IsaViz(Xerox Research/W3C),RDFAuthor(Univ.of Bristol),Protege 2000(Stanford Univ.),SWOOP(Univ.of Maryland),Orient(IBM)IsaViz(Xerox Research/W3C),RDFAuthor(Univ.of Bristol),Protege 2
14、000(Stanford Univ.),SWOOP(Univ.of Maryland),Orient(IBM)Programming Environments:Jena(for Java,includes OWL reasoning and SPARQL queries),RDFLib(for Python),Redland(in C,with interfaces to Tcl,Java,PHP,Perl,Python,and with SPARQL queries),SWI-Prolog,IBMs Semantic Toolkit,Jena(for Java,includes OWL re
15、asoning),RDFLib(for Python),Redland(in C,with interfaces to Tcl,Java,PHP,Perl,Python),SWI-Prolog,IBMs Semantic Toolkit,Databases(either based on an internal sql engine or fully triple based):Kowari,Gateway,Sesame,3Store,Jenas Joseki,Oracle Database 10g,RDF and OWL validators:W3Cs RDF Validator,BBN O
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