托福写作开头用复合句会更为完美(完整版)实用资料.doc

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1、托福写作开头用复合句会更为完美（完整版）实用资料(可以直接使用，可编辑 完整版实用资料，欢迎下载）智课网TOEFL备考资料托福写作开头用复合句会更为完美摘要:托福写作开头用复合句会更为完美,小马过河为大家整理了最新的托福作文辅导资料,希望对大家有所帮助。更多免费精彩内容,敬请关注本站。首先,我们要做到开门见山,明确写作话题和目的。如何才能做到开门见山?我们在托福写作中可以采用以下几种方式:1. 采用统计数字引出话题,把问题呈现在读者面前;2. 提出有争议性的问题,激发读者兴趣,使其积极参与讨论;3. 以新颖的观点,吸引读者注意力;4. 呈现该话题正反方的观点;5. 引用名人名言、谚语等作为文章

2、的开头;6. 对将要讨论的话题进行定义。其次,要善于运用复合句,从而使引言段简洁明了,开宗明义。下面我们将探讨雅思与新托福各种题材和体裁文章引言段的写作方法。引用数据呈现讨论的话题,说明问题的严重性或者重要性,引起读者的关注。下面我们结合几道雅思和新托福作文话题进行实战演练。我们在写关于体罚的话题文章时,可以这样开头:It is reported that a boy in Zhuhai was beaten to death by his father on Father Day. Ample evidence also shows that children who are frequen

3、tly abused by their parents or teachers tend to be introverted, pessimistic, indifferent and even world-weary. Recently, there has arisen a fierce argument on whether corporal punishment should be abolished. Teachers, parents and experts take diverse attitudes towards this issue.(据报道,在父亲节那天,珠海有个小男孩被

4、老爸揍死了。充分的证据也显示,经常遭父母或老师虐待的小孩往往比较内向、悲观、冷漠甚至厌世。近来,关于是否应该废除体罚出现了一场激烈的争论,老师、家长和专家各执一词。相关推荐:托福写作满分要掌握出题思路知道美国人的写作思维有助于托福写作吗?托福写作选词如何更和逻辑?相关字搜索:托福写作 智 课 网 雅 思 备 考 资 料 巧妙应用复合句让你的雅思作文更加多样-智课教育出 国考试巧妙应用复合句让你的雅思作文更加多样,考生们想要自己的作文 更加多样性,就要学会使用不同的句式来表达,这样才会摆脱死板,有新意。下面,就一起来学习一下吧。复合句一般分为三大类型:名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从 句。(一

5、 名词性从句在整个复合句中起名词作用,充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语等的 各种从句,统称为名词性从句。名词性从句主要有以下几种:1. that引导的从句e.g. It is reported that one third of Guangzhou citizens plan to buy a private car.(据报道,三分之一的广州市民打算购买私家车。2. whether/if 引导的从句e.g. Whether motorcycles should be banned in Guangzhou has become an issue ofcontroversy.(广州是否禁摩托车成了有

6、争议的话题。3. how/why/when/where 引导的从句e.g. This essay aims to explore why so many white collar workers suffer from insomnia.(本文将探讨为什么这么多白 领失眠 的 原因 。4. who/whom/whose/what/which 引导的从句e.g. Who should be responsible for the environmental degradation is still unknown.(谁对环境恶化负责还 不 清楚 。(二 形容词性从句具 有形容词 功能 ,在复合句

7、中 做定 语的从句 被 称之为形容词性从句 或定 语从句。 被修饰 的名词、词 组或代 词 被 称为 先行 词。形容词性从句 分为 两 种类型:(1 由关系代 词who, whom, whose, that, which, as引导的从句。 例如 : People who are strongly against human cloning claim that it is immoral and unethical.(强烈反对克隆人 的 人 们 认 为这样 做 不道 德 和不合 伦理 (2 由关系 副词when, where, why引导的从句。例如 : I would like to an

8、alyze the reasons why a growing number of teenagers are addicted togambling.(我 将分 析 为什么 越 来 越 多的 青少年沉迷于赌博 的 原因 。 (三 副词性从句副词性从句 也 称为 状 语从句,主要用来 修饰 主句 或者 主句的 谓 语。 大 致 分为 九 大类,分 别 表 示时间 、 地点 、 原因 、 目 的、 结果 、 条件 、让 步 、 比较 和 方 式。(1 时间状 语从句e.g. When everyone is fully aware of the severity of fresh water s

9、carcity and takes effective measures, I am convinced that we will tackle this problem constructively.(当 每 个 人 充分意 识到淡水 短缺 的 严重 性, 并采取 有 效措施 , 我相信我 们一 定能妥善解决好 这个 问 题。(2 地点状 语从句e.g. Where there is smoke, there isfire.(无风 不起 浪 (3原因状 语从句e.g. Pets should be forbidden because they may spread diseases and

10、damage thecityscape.(应 该 禁 止饲养宠物 , 因 为 它 们 可能 会 传播疾病 和有 损 市容。 (3 目 的 状 语从句e.g. Old people should be encouraged to live in a nursing house so that they can enjoy professional care and first-rate facilities. (应当 鼓励老人到敬老院居住 ,这样 他 们 可 以 享受到专业 的 照 料 和一 流 的 设施 。(4 结果状 语从句e.g. Some government officials fai

11、l to recognize the potential hazards of improper waste disposal, so that the environment in some cities is deteriorating.(一 些政府官员未能认识到垃圾处理 不当 带 来的 潜 在 危害 , 因此 一 些城 市的 环境 不 断恶化 。 (5 条件状 语从句e.g. If we continue to overlook the increasing waste in Guangzhou, it is likely that Guangzhou will become a hug

12、e landfill site sooner or later.(如果我 们 继续无视 广州 日益增 多的 垃圾 , 有 可能 不 久 的将来广州将成为 巨 大的 垃圾填埋场 。(6让 步状 语从句e.g. While I admit that smoking has some side-effects, I stillfeel that it is ridiculous to ban smoking in public places.(虽然我承 认吸烟 有副作用, 我依然觉得公共场所 禁 烟 是 荒唐 的。(7 比较状 语从句e.g. Red is two times as much as

13、Blue.(红色 是 蓝色 的 两倍 。 (8 方 式 状 语从句e.g . Just as we protect less able human beings, so we should safeguard the welfare of other weakerspecies.(正如我 们 保护弱者 一样, 我 们 也 应 该保护弱势物 种的 福利 。 主从复合句中时态的一致主要有以下几种情况:一、在以when,after,as soon as等引导的时间状语从句以及以if,unless等引导的条件状语从句中,如果主句是一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时。例如:Ill tell her the

14、good news when she comes back.当她回来的时候,我将把这个好消息告诉她。If it doesnt rain, he will come here on time.如果不下雨,他会按时来这儿的。二、在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,当主句的谓语动词为过去时态时,从句须用表示过去的某种时态。例如:He asked when they would go to the party.他问他们什么时候将去参加聚会。Miss Green said she had been to Beijing before.格林小姐说她以前曾经去过北京。三、在宾语从句中,当主句的时态为一般现在时、现

15、在进行时、现在完成时等时态时,后面从句时态不受主句限制,可根据情况,选用各种适合的时态。例如:Do you know when well have a football match?你知道我们什么时候举行足球赛吗?You know he has gone to Shanghai.你知道他已去上海了。四、当宾语从句表述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在的习惯动作以及格言等时,其时态不受主句限制,而用一般现在时。例如:The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.老师告诉我们光速比音速要快。When I was a student, m

16、y teacher often told us that time and tide wait for no man.当我还是学生的时候,老师常常告诉我们,岁月不等人。五、在since+点时间句型中,主句通常用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。例如:He has worked at the factory since he came here.自从他来到这儿,他就一直在这家工厂上班。另外,在句型Its+段时间+since+从句中,since后面的从句要用一般过去时。例如:Its a long time since we met last.自从我们上次见面以来已经有好长时间了。六、在复合句中,如果主

17、、从句表示的动作或状态都发生在过去,而且有先后,则在先的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。例如:When he got there, the train had left.当他到那儿的时候,火车已经开了。He said he had visited the school before.他说他以前参观过那所学校。(文/刘明;英语辅导报初三版03-04学年度第38期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。英语系动词用法小结重庆市奉节中学何朝平英语系动词的功能主要是把表语(名词、形容词、某些副词、非谓词、介词短语、从句和它的主语联系在一起,说明主语的属性

18、、特征或状态。它有自己的但不完全的词义,不能在句中独立作谓语,必须和后面的表语一起构成句子的谓语。它虽是虚词,但是其用法是复杂的,而且不可忽视。许多英语初学者会因此出现这样那样的错误,然而许多语法书却没作专门系统的介绍。因此,我们有必要小结一下英语系动词用法,以便大家参考。我想从以下四个方面归纳一下英语系动词的用法:I、常见系动词错误及其成因; II、系动词分类;III、系动词用法应注意的8个问题;IV、系动词与高考及其练习。I、常见系动词错误及其成因:学英语的中国学生在使用系动词时会碰到以下两个问题:一是有漏掉系动词的倾向性,因为汉语中无系动词,如:I afraid he wont come

19、 tomorrow(am二是误用系动词,如:His hair changed grey .(混淆了change 与turn,growHis hands feel coldly.(feel本身作系动词与实义动词的差别不清这主要是因为学生没有把英语中的系动词与实义动词的用法区分开来。二者结构区别如下表,其后所接词性不尽相同,成份也不同。II.系动词分类:一、根据系动词后所跟结构,我们可以把英语系动词分为两大类:完全系动词(其后只能跟表语的动词,如be, seem和半系动词(其后既可跟表语作系动词用法,也可跟宾语或状语作实义动词用,如look He looked sad at the news.(“

20、看起来”,系动词用法例如:1He looked sadly at the boy.(“看着”,实义动词用法He looks a clever boy .(“看起来”,系动词用法2He looks at a clever boy.(“看着”,实义动词用法在英语中,某一动词是多义词,既有实义动词用法,又有系动词用法。学生务必弄清其二者区别。切忌把二者混为一谈,这也是会考、高考常见考点。此类常见易混词有:change listen look touchturn hear see become sound seem feeleat continue last remaincontinue stayta

21、ste keep remain leave二、根据系动词的意义,我们把英语系动词分为四类:A.五大感官系动词B.状态系动词C.动态系动词D.双谓语系动词A.五大感官系动词,描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来,都是半系动词。1.look“看起来像是”,后接adj.、n.、分词、介词短语、不定式等。The girl bit her lips and looked thoughtful.这位女孩咬着嘴唇,看上去若有所思。2.smell“闻起来”,后接adj.分词。The flowers smell sweet.这些花气味真香。3.sound“听起来”,后接adj.分词。The music so

22、unds sweet.这首诗听起来真悦耳。4.taste“尝起来”,后接adj.分词。The apples taste very good.这些苹果很好吃。5.feel“摸起来,给感觉”;“觉得”,后接adj./p.p.The silk feels very soft.丝绸摸起来很滑。You will feel better after a nig hts sleep.睡上一晚,你会觉得好些。B.状态系动词:1.be,“是”,属完全系动词。I am a student.我是一个学生。2.seem,“似乎,好像”,完全系动词。They seem quite happy.他们似乎很快乐。3.app

23、ear,“显得,看起来好像”,半系动词。He appeared tired and sleepy.他显得疲倦而且好像要睡觉了。It appeared(to bea true story.看来这是一个真实的故事。The river appears as if enveloped in smog.这条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。Now it appears to me that he may play an important part in settling the problem.在我看来,他可能在解决这个问题中起着重要作用。4.keep, “保持的状态”,半系动词,后接adj或介词短语。Youd

24、better go to bed and keep warm.你最好躺在床上去暖和一下。5.remain,“仍是”,半系动词。I remained silent.我仍然缄默。6.stay“保持(某种状态”,半系动词,后接adj.、过去分词。The window stayed open all the night.7.prove “证明是”,半系动词,后接adj.n.The treatment proved to be successful.这种疗法证明是成功的。C.动态系动词:都属于半系动词,描述状态变化过程。1.get“变成,变得起来”,后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。The days are

25、 getting longer and longer.白天变得越来越长了。The train didnt get going again.火车还没重新启动。Its nothing to get excited about.没啥可因此而激动的。My watch gets out of order.我的表出毛病了。2.fall“进入(某种状态,成为”,后常接以下形容词:asleep, lame, silent, ill, sick, flat.The old men, unable to express himself, fell silent.那位老人说不清自己的意思,就不做声了。My fath

26、er fell ill and died.我的父亲生病死了。3.grow“渐渐变得起来,长得”You will grow used to it.你逐渐会习惯的。Its growing warm.天气渐渐暖和起来了。4.turn“转变成(新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质,变质(色”。Maple trees turn red in autumn.枫叶在秋天变红了。It was cloudy this morning, but fortunately it has turned fine.今天早上是阴天,幸好已经转晴了。He has turned writer.他已成为一个作家。(注意:此时write

27、r之前无冠词a.5.go,“变成(某种坏的状态”The telephone has gone dead. 不通了。The tire went flat.轮胎瘪了。The material has gone a funny colour.这料子的颜色变得奇怪了。The thieves must not go unpunished.决不能让这些盗贼逍遥法外。go之后常接的adj. 还有:bad, blind, wild, wrong, sour, hard, hungry, mad, red, with, anger, white, pale, blue, grey, naked等。.6.beco

28、me“变成,成为(好坏均可的情况”He became angry with me.他对我生气了。It became dark.天气晚了。They became good friends.他们成了好朋友。I became interested in drawing.我开始对素描感兴趣了。7 e,“变成为(已知的状态,证实为”,后常接形容词或前缀un-的过去分词作表语,表示状态或情况的变化。His wish to become a pilot has come true.他想当飞行员的愿望实现了。If you look into the matter, everything will come c

29、lear.如果你调查一下这事,一切都会清楚。My shoelaces have come undone.我的鞋带松了。后面常接的形容词还有:apart, dear(昂贵,natural, open, short, right(好了,unstuck(没有粘住,untied (松开。8.run,“变成”,后接adj.The well has run dry.这井已经变干了。The price ran high.价格上升了。9.make,“达到某种状态后接形容词,如sure, certain, merry, bold, freeWe must make certain of facts.我们一定要弄

30、清事实。The Children make free with the apples.孩子们随便吃苹果。D.双谓语系动词此类系动词既有系动词的功能,后接表语,又保留原实义动词本身的含义。例如:The run rose red.太阳升起红艳艳。She stopped and stood quite still.她停下来然后一丝不动地站着。The book lay open on the table.那书在桌子上打开着。The snow lay thick on the ground.雪厚厚地堆积在地上。He married young.他结婚很早。The window blew open.窗户吹

31、开了。The dog has broken loose.狗挣脱锁链了。She blushed as red as a peony.她的脸红得像一朵牡丹花。Lei Feng died young.雷锋早逝。The material has worn thin.这种布料已穿薄了。The weather continued calm.天气仍然平静。He continued silent.他继续沉默不语。III.系动词用法应注意的八个问题1.系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。一般地说,状态系动词无进行时态,而动态系动词有进行时态,而动态系动词有进行时态。但是在某些情况下,状态系动词也有进行时态,表示两个用

32、途:一是表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如: He is being kind.他装出和蔼可亲的样子(一时而不能持久的性质二是表示一种探询口气,使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如:I hope you are keeping well.(语气委婉我希望你保持健康。Are you feeling any better?(语气亲切你感觉好了些吗?试比较:Your hand feels cold.(无意识的静态性质。你的手摸起来冰凉。不可以说:Your hand is feeling cold.(但可以说:The doctor is feeling her pulse.(有意识的动态动作医生正在给她拿脉。Th

33、e soup tastes good.(静态性质,无进行时这汤的味道不错。The cook is tasting the soup.(动态动作,有进行时厨师在尝汤的味道。总之,系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时,不能笼统地说feel,smell无进行时,应指出其意义及其语用环境。例如smell的用法可见一斑。smell作“嗅觉”的能力时,虽是实义动词,但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态,常与can, could, be able to连用。The camels can smell the water a mile off.骆驼能嗅出一英

34、里外有水。指“嗅、闻”的动作时,实义动词,可用于进行时态。The girl is smelling the flower.这姑娘正在闻那朵花。smell指“含有气味”,“发出气味”等事物性质时,半系动词,无进行时态。The dinner smells good.这饭菜闻起来真香。2.系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用,表示渐进过程,其意思是“越来越”。例如:He is growing taller and taller.他长得越来越高了。Our life is getting b

35、etter and better.我们的生活是越来越好了。The things are getting worse.情况是越来越糟了。3.所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。英语中某动词在作系动词用时,无被动语态,而作实义动词用时,才有被动语态,二者不可混为一谈。例如:不能说:The apple is tasted good.(因为taste此时是系动词,“尝起来”之意,指的是苹果的性质,无被动语态但我们可以说:The apple is tasted by me.这苹果被我尝了一下。(taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作,有被动语态因此,在平时的英语教学和学习之,要有意注意半系动词在具体的语言环

36、境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法,要注意区分、识别。4.瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段,since+时间点,how long until+时间,by + 时间,so far”等直接连用。例如:不能说:He has become a teacher for 2 years.应改为:He has been a teacher for 2 years.不能说:He has turned writer since 3 years ago.应改为:He has been a write since 3 years ago.或It is two

37、 years since he turned writer.不能说:He got angry until his child came back home.应改为:He didnt get angry until his child came back home.5.系动词能接几种表语(从句系动词除了接adj.n.prep.短语,某些adv.以外,还可接以下几种表语形式:能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有:look(看起来,smell(闻起来,sound(听起来,feel (觉得;appear(显得,seem(似乎。例如:It looks as if we are going

38、 to have snow.看样子天要下雪了。He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。She seemed as if (though she couldnt understand why Laura was there.看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。It sounds to me as though theres a tap running somewhere.我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。She felt as if her head were sp

39、litting.她仿佛觉得她的头要裂开了。The river appeared as if enveloped in smog.那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。It seems as if it were spring already.好像已是春天了。可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有:seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如:It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。It appeared that he was talking to himself.好像他在自言自语

40、。能用不定式作表语的系动词有:be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow.Her job is to look after the children.她的工作是照料孩子们。He seems not to look after the children.他好像不是她的父亲。He looks to be a young girl of twenty.他看起来像是一个20岁的年轻姑娘。He didnt appear to dislike it.看不出他憎恨此事。My advice proved to be wrong.我的建议证明是错误的。He will gro

41、w to like this work gradually.他会逐渐喜欢这个工作的。能与there连用的系动词有:be, appear, seem.There appeared to be only one room.那儿好像只有一个房间。There seems(to beno need to go.似乎没有必要走。6.能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个:seem, appear.举例说明:It doesnt seem that we can get ou r money back.= It seems that we cant get our money back.He seems not to

42、 be her father.= He doesnt seem to be her father.The baby doesnt appear to be awake.= The baby appears not to be awake.7.后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个:第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等;第二个是get,口语中常用。当二者作系动词用时,它们均表示一种存在状态,而不表示被动动作;当二者作助动词用时,后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。Be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.来代替,但是并不是be系动词总是可以用get来代替。Ge

43、t + P.P.系表结构常用于以下两种情况:1表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。Last night I got caught in the downpour.昨夜我被雨淋了(表示意想不到The new car got scratched.新车给刮坏了。(表突发性2表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。John got wounded while playing football last Saturday.约翰上周星期六踢足球时受了伤。They got married last month.他们上个月结婚了。另外,要注意区分系表结构与被动语态

44、结构的用法。8.几组易混系动词的区别系动词的区别主要从两个方面作比较,一是其意义,二是其结构。1get, become, go, turn, grow“变成”;get:“变得”口语。后接形容词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、不定式作表语,但不能与名词直接连用。become:“变成,成为(好坏情况均可。”后接形容词、名词、过去分词作表语,不能与不定式连用。go:“变成(某种由好到坏的情况”,后接形容词、过去分词、名词作表语。Turn:“转变成”强调与原来不同的、新的变化,如变质、变色等。后接形容词、不带冠词的名词作表语,后不接不定式。grow:“逐渐变得”,强调其变化过程。后接形容词、分词、不定

45、式,不可直接跟名词。以上词的例子见前面相关词例。2look, seem, appear“好像”三者作系动词时在意义上的区别:look:“好像,看起来”,一般用于非正式场合,侧重指从本身外表特征上由视觉得到的印象。seem :“似乎,好像”,指说话人内心的估计与判断,有一定依据,接近于实际情况。Appear:“显得,好像”,常用于正式文体中,指某事物或人给他人的表面印象,有时含有实质上并非如此之意。例如:He looks like his father. (指其长相看起来相像He seems like his father. (指说话人从个性方面得到的判断He appears like his

46、father.(指他的外貌、衣着给他人的印象三者作系动词时在结构上的区别:现列表分析三者之后所接成份(可带者打“”,不可接者打“”。例句见前面相关词例。3keep, remain, stay“保持状态”keep系动词用时“保持状态”,后接adj.或介词短语其后常见:alive,awake,cheerful,silent,dry,well,fit,fine,close,clean,happy,firm in ones stand等。Have you kept well all these years?这些年来你身体好么?I hope it will keep fine.我希望天气继续好下去。In order to keep fit, all students go in for sports.为了保持健康,所有学生都参加体育运动。Wed better keep in touch.我们最好保持联系。remain,系动词“仍然存在状态”,后接adj.、过去分词、名词或介词短语,强调某种状态前后无变化。The door remained closed.门仍然关着。Kosovo intensity remained high.科索沃局势仍然高度紧张。Peter became a judge but John remained a fisherman.彼得