2023年自然地理——专业英语电子精品讲义.pdf

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1、学习必备 欢迎下载 Lesson One NEW WORDS 1.sleet n.冻雨，雨夹雪 2.depend vi.依赖,取决于 3.hail n.雹 4.form vt.,vi.形成 5.low a.低的 6.temperature n.温度 7.molecule n.分子 8.cling vi.粘着 9.droplet n.小水滴 10.dust n.灰尘 11.particle n.粒子,微粒 12.nucleus n.核,原子核 13.dew n.露水 14.crystal n.晶体 15.condensation n.冷凝,凝结 16.rapid a.快的 17.moisture

2、 n.湿气,水分 18.freeze vi.结冰 19.raindrop n.雨点 20.instead ad.代替,替换 21.snowflake n.雪片 22.shape n.形状 23.flake n.薄片 24.hexagonal a.六角形的 25.lens n.透镜 26.strike vt.,vi.打击击中,撞 27.thunderstorm n.雷雨 28.swift a.迅速的 29.current n.气流,潮流 30.toss vt.,vi.抛,扔,颠簸 31.acquire vt.取得,获得 32.hailstone n.冰雹 33.stick vi.粘住 34.th

3、eory n.理论 35.explain vt.说明,解释,阐明 PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS The more the more 越 越 So that 如此 以致 Take place 发生 As soon as 一 就 High above 大大高于 Well below 远远低于 Take on 呈现 A bit of 一点 A mass of 一块 Start out 出发,着手进行 layer of 一层 TEXT RAIN,SNOW,SLEET,AND HAIL The forming of rain in a cloud depends upon temper

4、ature.The lower the temperature,the more the molecules of water vapor in the cloud cling together.Then they form droplets of water.Usually droplets form around dust or other particles in the air when the dew point is reached.If ice crystals are in the cloud,even more droplets may form.In clouds,cond

5、ensation may be so rapid that millions of droplets of water are formed.As these droplets collect more molecules and therefore become heavier,their weight makes them fall to the earth.If the temperature of the air is above freezing the drops will fall as rain.When the air high above the earth is well

6、 below freezing,the moisture in the air does not form raindrops.Instead,it forms snow.Snowflakes take on many interesting shapes.They seem to be formed around a center.Snow is made up of millions of these flakes,each a bit of water vapor that in freezing temperatures was changed into a flake of snow

7、.Snowflakes are really crystals;they are water molecules grouped in a hexagonal pattern.It is interesting to study snowflake crystals under a hand lens.Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth.The raindrops may start downward through a laye

8、r of warm air and then strike a mass of cold air,where each raindrop freezes.These frozen raindrops fall to the earth as sleet;skeet us frozen rain.Sometimes still another change may take place in drops of rain.During a thunderstorm,swift upward currents of air usually carry raindrops with them.As t

9、he air grows colder,these raindrops may form little balls of ice.In a mass of warm air,they may get a coating of moisture,which freezes as soon as they are tossed up again into a colder mass of air.Up and down they are carried,acquiring more and more layers of ice.This goes on until the balls of ice

10、 become heavy enough to fall to the earth as hailstones.If you cut a hailstone in two,you can see the layers of ice.Some scientists think that hailstones are formed in a different way.A hailstone nucleus,a tiny droplet of water that is frozen,may form high in the atmosphere.As it falls through a clo

11、ud,it meets cold water droplets and snowflakes which stick to this nucleus.The hailstone may meet many of these droplets and snowflakes before it falls from the cloud to the earth.As the droplets of water stick to the hailstone,they add a clear layer of ice.As snowflakes stick to it,they form a clou

12、dy layer.This theory explains why clear and cloudy layers are found inside the hailstone when it is cut open.EXERCISES I.Complete the following sentences with nouns formed from the verbs given in brackets.1.Theof rain depends on the and the of tiny droplets of water vapour in the cloud.(form/condens

13、e/combine)2.When the droplets are heavy enough to fall,can take place.(precipitate)3.The and of water can be observed in everyday life.(evaporate/condense)4.The of ice to water and water to water vapour by heating is a good of the change of state of matter.(convert/illustrate)5.The 100 equal are mad

14、e after the by of the boiling point of water and the melting point of ice.(divide/determine/observe)学习必备 欢迎下载 6.The best of what takes place is the of good examples.(explain/provide)7.A lake which is used for water is sometimes high enough for the of by gravity to transport the water along the pipes

15、 to the houses below.(store/exert/press)8.In science,the Centigrade thermometer is used for the of temperature.(measure)II.Answer the following questions based on information found in the text.1.How is rain formed?2.When does the moisture in the air from snow?3.What is snow made up of?4.What is the

16、difference between rain and sleet?5.Why are clear and cloudy layers found inside a hailstone when it is cut open?III.Give the English equivalents of the following expressions.1.取决于温度 2.使雨点落到地面 3.呈不同形状 4.冷到足以形成小冰珠 5.切成两半 IV.Explain the different uses of the word“form”in the following sentences:1.The

17、forming of rain is discussed in the text.2.The molecules of water vapor form droplets.3.If ice crystals are in the cloud,even more droplets may form.4.Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth.5.Some scientists think that hailstones are form

18、ed in a different way.6.The molecules if water vapor come together,forming droplets of water.V.Replace each dash with the proper form of the verb“freeze”.1.When the air is well below,the moisture in the air forms snow.2.In temperatures water vapor will be changed into snowflakes.3.In a mass of cold

19、air each raindrop.4.Sleet is rain.5.A hailstone nucleus is a tiny droplet of water which is.VI.Translate the following sentences into English.1.水滴开始在空气中形成时的温度叫露点.2.空气越热,它能容纳的水分越多.3.雾是靠近地面的云.4.地球表面夜晚通常要比白天冷.5.当含有水分的空气接触到寒冷的地面时,水汽开始从空气中跑出来并以水滴的形式聚集在它所接触到的任何东西上面.6.没有雨,就不能有植物,没有植物,也就没有动物.XII.Translate t

20、he following passage into Chinese.In some regions,particularly the dry ones,there is water vapor in the air,but the conditions may seldom be right for this vapor to condense and fall as rain or snow.Rain,snow,hail,dew,and are known as precipitation.Even where rainfall is usually moderate,there is at

21、 times a lack of rain.A drought may lead to serious water shortages,as it did in New York City in 1949 and 1950 and again in 1963 to 1966.In the summer of 1949,New York Citys reservoirs were down to o ne third of what they normally held.Several billion gallons of water were being used each day.So se

22、rious was the water shortage that people were asked to have one bathless,shaveless,and washless day a week.Cars went unwashed,lawns and parks unsprinkled.Even a glass of water was not served in restaurants unless asked for.Lesson Two NEW WORDS 1.mineral n.矿物 2.property n.性质,特性 3.naked a.裸露的 4.detail

23、 n.详情 5.reveal vt.暴露 6.magnify vt.放大 7.magnification n.放大率 8.hang vt.,vi.悬挂,吊 9.particularly ad.特别,格外 10.distinguish vt.区别,辨认,把区别分类 11.define vt.规定,下定义 12.unique a.唯一的,独特的 13.grain n.颗粒 14.quartz n.石英 15.quality n.质量 中撞雷雨迅速的气流潮流冻雨雨夹雪依赖取决于雹形成低的温度分子粘分越多雾是靠近地面的云地球表面夜晚通常要比白天冷当含有水分的空露的详情一的独特的颗粒石英质量学习必备欢迎

24、下载暴露放大放大率悬学习必备 欢迎下载 plex a.复杂的,复合的 17.mixture n.混合物 18.vary vi.变化,不同 19.precise a.精确的 20.garnet n.柘榴石 position n.构成组成 22.variety n.多种,异种种类 23.range n.范围,领域 24.proportion n.比例 25.hence ad.因此 26.immense a.无 限 的,广大的 27.bewilder vt.使为难,使手足无措 28.array n.排列 29.classify vt.分类 30.sort vt.(out)分类,划分 31.major

25、 a.较重要的,主要的 32.division n.分类,划分 33.divide vt.(into)划分,把分成为 34.igneous a.火成的 35.sedimentary a.沉淀的,沉积的 36.metamorphic a.变形的,变质的 37.kingdom n.领域王国,界 38.distinctive a.特殊的,有特色的 39.earmark n.记号 40.remarkable a.值得注意的,显著的 41.accurate a.精确的 42.dozen n.一打,若干,许许多多 43.simplification n.简单化,单一化 44.rare a.稀少的,少见的

26、45.unusual a.不平常的,少见的 46.subspecies n.亚种 47.recognize vt.承认,认出 48.sophisticate n.世故的人 49.glean vt.苦心搜集,选集 50.explanation n.解释 51.professional a.职业的,本职的 52.petrologist n.岩石学家 53.mineralogy n.矿物学 PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS For example 例如 Because of 由于,因为 Regardless of 不管,不顾(to)be faced with 面对着,面临(to)mak

27、e order 整理 despite of 不管,任凭 even if 即使 eitheror 或或 on the one handon the other hand一方面另一方面 TEXT ROCKS ARE MADE UP OF MINERALS Most of a rocks properties are easily seen with the naked eye,though the d etails are better revealed with a low-power magnifying glass(magnification of 5 to 10)the hand lens

28、 that field geologists usually have hanging around their necks.From the characteristics show,particularly the physical and chemical properties we can distinguish several thousand minerals,each defined by its unique set of properties.Thus all grains or crystals of quartz have just about the same qual

29、ities,regardless of the kind of rock in which they are found.Some minerals,particularly those that have a more complex mixture of atoms,vary slightly in their properties,depending on their precise composition.A mineral like garnet,for example,has a number of varieties,each with its own range of comp

30、osition,such as the proportions of iron and other elements,and hence,properties.Rocks are not as uniquely defined by their properties as minerals are.Because of the immense number of ways in which the thousands of minerals can be combined,the geologist is faced with a bewildering array of rock types

31、.The only way for us to make order out of this array is to classify like with like and to sort out by general type.The major division of rocks into igneous,sedimentary,and metamorphic is just such an aid.Within each major division there are many groups and types.Using characteristic properties,we ca

32、n divide the rock kingdom into several hundred general types,each with its own more or less distinctive earmarks.Despite all of these numbers,it is remarkable how much can be done even if only a small number of the most common minerals and rocks are known.In most parts of the world a field geologist

33、 can make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock types.This simplification is possible because most of the thousands of known minerals are either rare or unusual on the one hand or subspecies or varieties on the other.Thus the geologist who can

34、 recognize garnet will do well,even though a mineral sophisticate who can distinguish the many varieties of garnet by their slightly different chemical compositions might do better.Naturally,the more we can distinguish,the more the information gleaned,and the greater the power of our theories of exp

35、lanation.Than is why professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogy.EXERCISES I.Match the words in Column A with their definitions in Column B,placing the appropriate letters in the blanks:Column A Column B 1.Reveal a.Change 2.Quality b.Put into groups 3.Regardless of c.Disting

36、uish 4.Vary d.Unusual 中撞雷雨迅速的气流潮流冻雨雨夹雪依赖取决于雹形成低的温度分子粘分越多雾是靠近地面的云地球表面夜晚通常要比白天冷当含有水分的空露的详情一的独特的颗粒石英质量学习必备欢迎下载暴露放大放大率悬学习必备 欢迎下载 5.depending on e.gather 6.Classify f.Property 7.Precise g.Show 8.Rare h.According to 9.Recognize i.Negligent 10.Glean j.Accurate II.Answer the following questions in English.1

37、.How can we distinguish different kinds of minerals?2.Why is the geologist faced with a bewildering array of rock types?3.What are the three major divisions of rocks?4.How many types can the rock kingdom be divided into?5.How can a field geologist make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few

38、dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock types?6.Why do professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogy?III.Give the English equivalents of the following expressions.1.用肉眼可以看到 2.面临一些问题 3.具有相同的特性 4.把相似的东西归为一类 5.几十种主要矿物 6.差别微小的化学组成 IV.Give nouns corresponding to the followi

39、ng adjectives or verbs.1.magnify 2.define 3.depend 4.precise pose 6.divide bine 8.simple 9.explain 10.accurate V.Fill the blanks with appropriate prepositions.If the nature rocks can give us a clue many the tings we want to know the earth,how do we go about it?We need an interpretive key.First all w

40、e want to find out just what the minerals are made up and how the rock is put together from its constituent minerals.its composition we should be able to say something where the parent material came and what it was like.the composition and the texture the rock we should also be able to tell somethin

41、g of the pressures and temperatures which the rock was formed comparing them the artificial rocks and mineral made experimental petrologists the laboratory.VI.Translate the following sentences into English.1.有些岩石很硬,有些轻轻一敲便成碎片.2.不能用化学或物理方法容易地分离开来的矿物称为造岩矿物.3.岩石的矿物组成千差万别,这种差别是岩石分类的基础.4.石英结晶时,如果有足够的空间,会

42、形成美丽的六角形晶体.5.大部分沉积岩是在海水下面形成的.6.矿物有几千种,每种有它自己的组成.VII.Translate the following passage into Chinese.Rocks and the minerals that make them up are the tangible record of geologic processes.The varied minerals of the earth are understood in terms of their architecture the way in which their atoms are arra

43、nged to make crystal structures.The kinds of atoms and their type of chemical bonding determine not only the crystal structures but the chemical and physical properties of minerals,all of which are used for their identification.Rocks are divided into the three major groups,igneous,metamorphic,and se

44、dimentary on the basis of origin.They are further subdivided within each group according to mineral composition and texture,which provide the data that allow us to interpret details of their origin.Lesson Three NEW WORDS 1.volcanism n.火山活动 2.crust n.地壳 3.fracture vi.破碎,断裂 4.molten a.熔化的 5.extend vi.

45、延伸,延展 6.interior n.,a.内部的 7.volcano n.火山 8.behavior n.行为,举止,情况 9.volcanology n.火山学 10.crystallization n.结晶(作用)11.fluid n.流体,液体 12.escape vi.,vt.逃走,漏出,逸出,避免 13.crack n.裂隙 中撞雷雨迅速的气流潮流冻雨雨夹雪依赖取决于雹形成低的温度分子粘分越多雾是靠近地面的云地球表面夜晚通常要比白天冷当含有水分的空露的详情一的独特的颗粒石英质量学习必备欢迎下载暴露放大放大率悬学习必备 欢迎下载 14.volcanologist n.火 山学家 15

46、.refer vt.,vi 将归入,认为属于,提到 16.extrusive a.,n.喷出的 17.toothpaste n.牙膏 18.extrude vt.挤出,使喷出 19.eruption n.喷发,爆发 20.occur vi.发生,出现 21.magma n.岩浆 22.dissolve vt.,vi.溶解 23.fissure n.裂缝 24.atmospheric a.大气 25.explosively ad.爆炸(爆发)性的 26.chill vt.使冷却 27.atmosphere n.大气 28.froth vt.,vi.,n.(使)起泡沫,泡沫 29.burst vt

47、.,vi.破裂,爆发,喷出 30.bubble n.泡,泡沫 31.vent n.喷口 32.cone n.圆锥形(物)33.glow vi.燃烧,放光 34.column n.圆柱 PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS(to)be charged with 充满着 less and less 越来越少 at all 完全,根本(常用在否定句中)in much the same way 以大体相同的方式 TEXT VOLCANISM When the earths crust fractures,molten matter may flow from the break if it

48、extends deep enough into the interior of the earth.A volcano may form.Earth scientists have studied the behavior and composition of molten rock materials and the forms that are produced.This branch of earth science is called volcanology.Some igneous rocks are formed by crystallization of fluid matte

49、r that has escaped through deep cracks in the earths crust.Volcanologists refer to these rocks as extrusive rocks,or extrusives.If a tube of toothpaste has a crack in it and you press on the tube,some of the paste is pushed out.That is,the paste has been extruded.V olcanic eruptions occur in much th

50、e same way.The magma within the earth may be heavily charged with gases and steam.These are under such great pressure that they are dissolved in the magma.If a fissure develops in a region where the magma is heavily charged with steam and other dissolved gases,the fluid magma rises through the fissu