2023年英语六级巅峰阅读附详解 第47期人文知识.pdf
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1、 第 1 页 共 7 页 英语六级巅峰阅读附详解 第 47 期:人文知识 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors arc formed.Its not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not.or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are,of course,extremely intereste
2、d in these types of question.They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibits certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on thee matter have developed.As one might expect the two approaches are very different from one another.and ther
3、e is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory.Thecontroversy is often conveniently referred to asnature/nurture.Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factor.That our envi
4、ronment has little.if anything to do with our abilities.characteristics.and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme,this theory Maintains that our behavior is 第 2 页 共 7 页 predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Proponents of the nur
5、ture theory,or,as they are often called.behaviorists.claim that our environmentis more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act.Behaviorists see humans as being whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.Their view of the human being is qui
6、te mechanistic;they maintain that like machines.humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.The social and political implications or these two theories are profound.In the United Stares,for example,blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligent test.This leads
7、 some nature proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically interior to whites.Behaviorists,in contrast.say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that white enjoy.and that.as a result.they d
8、o not develop the same responses thatwhites do.Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.In fact,it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes.That the controversy will 第 3 页 共 7 页 continue for a long time is certain.1 人们长期以来一直想弄清楚,他们的
9、性格和行为是怎样形成的。为什么一个人聪明而另一个人却不聪明,或者为什么一个人有协作精神而另一个人却有竞争意识,要解释这些可不容易。社会科学家当然对这类问题特别感兴趣。1 他们希望解释为什么我们具有某些性格并显现某些行为。对此,迄今还没有明确的答案,但已经产生了两个截然不同的思想流派。正如人们所料,两派观点存在巨大差异,2 各自理论的支持者之间存在着巨大的争议。分歧通常被称为“天性论”对“教养论”。3 争议双方中支持“天性论”的那些人认为,我们的性格和行为模式大部分取决于生物和遗传因素。这一理论的核心是,我们的环境跟我们的能力、性格和行为即使有什么关系的话,也是很少的。3 说得极端一点,这一理论
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