2023年专题十四非谓语动词.pdf

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1、学习必备 欢迎下载 专题十四 非谓语动词 【重点难点梳理】专题十四 非谓语动词 重 点 难 点 梳 理 概说：动名词、现在分词、过去分词和动词不定式称为非谓语动词，顾名思义，非谓语动词可担当除谓语外的任何成分。一、非谓语动词的功能 序号 功 能 动词不定式(to do)动名词(doing)分 词 现在分词(doing)过去分词(done)1 主 语 表示具体的一次动作,多用于真实主语 表示习惯性动作,多放在句首 2 宾 语 熟记跟动词不定式作宾语的动词 熟记跟动名词作宾语的动词 3 表 语 说明主语的具体 内 容,表 意向、打算、计划 说明主语的具体内容 表示主语的性质,意 为“令 人 的”,

2、多修饰物；表正在进行的动作 表示主语 的性质,意 为“感到的”,多修饰人；表被动或已完成的动作 4 宾 熟记vt.sb.to do 与宾语构成主动与宾语构成被动学习必备 欢迎下载 补 sth.此类用法的动词 关系,表正在进行的动作 关系,表已完成的动作 5 前置定语 表示被修饰语的功能或作用 与被修饰语构成主动关系或正在进行的动作 与被修饰语构成被动关系或已完成的动作 续 表 序号 功 能 动词不定式(to do)动名词(doing)分 词 现在分词(doing)过去分词(done)6 后置定语 表将来发生的动作或表用途 与被修饰语构成主动关系 与被修饰语构成被动关系 7 状 语 与主句主语构

3、成主动关系,表目的、结果、原因等 与主句主语构成主 动 关系,表 伴随、时 间、原因、条 件、方式、结果等 与主句主语构成被动关系,表伴随、时间、原因、条件、方式、结果等 二、非谓语动词的时态和语态 主动形式 被动形式 动词不定式(to do)to do to be done to be doing(与谓语动词同时发生)to have done(发生在谓语动词之前)to have been done doing doing(与主句主语构成主动关系)being done 语宾语表语分词现在分词过去分词动词不定式动名词表示具体的一表示说明主语的意为令人具体内容的多修饰物表正在进行的动作表示主语的作

4、的动作前置定语表示被修饰与被修饰语构成与被修饰语构成语的功能学习必备 欢迎下载 having done(发生在谓语动词之前)having been done 过去分词 done(与主句主语构成被动关系)用法:非谓语动词的一般式表示与主句谓语动词同时或之后发生的动作；非谓语动词的完成式表示在主句谓语动词之前发生的动作。如：(1)Doing my homework,I heard a cry for help.(heard与doing的动作同时进行)做作业时,我听到了喊救命的声音。(2)Having done my homework,I went to bed.(do发生在谓语动词went之前)做

5、完作业后,我就上床睡觉了。三、动词不定式和动名词作宾语的比较 情 况 常用动词 只 接 动 词 不定 式 作 宾 语的动词 hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen 只 接 动 名 词作 宾 语 的 动词或短语 mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,re

6、sist,consider cant help,feel like,succeed in,be fond of,object to,get down to,be engaged in,insist on,think of,be proud of,take pride in,set about,be tired of,look forward to,devote oneself to,be worth,be busy,pay attention to,stick to,adapt to 两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue

7、(接动词不定式多指具体的动作；接动名词多指一般或习惯的行为)need,want,require(接动名词用主动形式表示被动意义；若接动词不定式则应用被动形式)意义相反 语宾语表语分词现在分词过去分词动词不定式动名词表示具体的一表示说明主语的意为令人具体内容的多修饰物表正在进行的动作表示主语的作的动作前置定语表示被修饰与被修饰语构成与被修饰语构成语的功能学习必备 欢迎下载 意义不同 四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别 序号 类 别 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例 句 1 不定式 ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage 主谓关系

8、强调动作将发生或已经完成(1)I expect them to win the game.我期望他们赢得比赛。(2)I heard him call me several times.我听见他叫了我几遍。have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make 2 现在分词 notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel(即:感官动词和使役动词)主谓关系 强调动作正在进行,尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio.我发现她在听收音机。3 过去分词 动宾关系 动作已经完成,多强调状态 We foun

9、d the village greatly changed.我们发现这个村子发生了很大的变化。五、现在分词和过去分词的用法对比 分现在分词 过去分词 例 句 语宾语表语分词现在分词过去分词动词不定式动名词表示具体的一表示说明主语的意为令人具体内容的多修饰物表正在进行的动作表示主语的作的动作前置定语表示被修饰与被修饰语构成与被修饰语构成语的功能学习必备 欢迎下载 类 项 目 意 义 表示主动意义 表示被动意义(1)I can hear him singing.我能听见他在唱歌。(2)I can hear the song sung in English.我听见这首歌是用英语唱的。动 作 所表示的

10、动作一般在进行中 所表示的动作多已完成 China is a developing country while America is a developed one.中国是个发展中国家而美国是发达国家。语 义 意为“令人”意为“感到”It is an exciting match,so we are excited.这是一场令人兴奋的比赛,所以我们感到很兴奋。六、特别提示 关于动词 不定式 动词不定式作介词but的宾语时,如前面有实义动词do(各种形式),则动词不定式不带to；否则不能省略to。(1)He did nothing all the morning but watch TV.他整个

11、上午除了看电视外无所事事。(2)He said nothing but to sleep.他什么也没有说就去睡觉了。动词不定式作定语时,如果动词不定式与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系,且动词不定式的动词是不及物动词,记住别漏掉介词。(1)I want a small room to live in.我想要住小房间。(2)I need a nice pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。语宾语表语分词现在分词过去分词动词不定式动名词表示具体的一表示说明主语的意为令人具体内容的多修饰物表正在进行的动作表示主语的作的动作前置定语表示被修饰与被修饰语构成与被修饰语构成语的功能学习必备

12、欢迎下载 动词不定式作感官动词和部分使役动词(let,make)的宾补,动词不定式不带to,但句子变成被动语态时,要带to。(1)I saw him go into the room.我看见他走进了房间。(2)He was seen to go into the room.有人看见他走进了房间。关于分词 现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行,动词不定式作宾补表示动作发生的全过程。(1)I saw them coming in.我看见他们正在进来。(2)I saw them come in.我看见他们进来了。及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在 分 词 的 一 般 被 动 式(being done)都

13、有被动意义,前者表示动作完成,后者表示动作在进行。注意：不定式有表将来之意。(1)The problem discussed yesterday is important to us.昨天讨论的问题对我们来说很重要。(2)The problem being discussed at present is important to us.目前正在讨论的问题对我们来说很重要。(3)The problem to be discussed tomorrow is important to us.明天将要讨论的问题对我们来说很重要。分词的独立主格结构:如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,需用一个独

14、立结构(即保留分词的逻辑主语)或者由一个with/without引导的介词短语表达。(1)Time permitting,well do another two exercises.如果时间许可,我们将再做两道练习。(2)The key lost,I couldnt enter the office building.由于钥匙丢了,我不能进入办公大楼。关于动名词 动名词作定语表所修饰词的用途,而现在分词表动作或状态、特征。(1)This is a sleeping bag.这是睡袋。(2)He is sleeping.他正在睡觉。动名词的复合结构作宾语时,动(1)Do you mind my/

15、me/Tom smoking here?语宾语表语分词现在分词过去分词动词不定式动名词表示具体的一表示说明主语的意为令人具体内容的多修饰物表正在进行的动作表示主语的作的动作前置定语表示被修饰与被修饰语构成与被修饰语构成语的功能学习必备 欢迎下载 名词的逻辑主语可用宾格代词或不带所有格。但作主语则不行。我/汤姆在这里吸烟,你会介意吗?(2)My/Toms smoking here annoyed him.我/汤姆在这里吸烟使他很生气。动名词作主语还可用于“There be no+动名词”结构和“布告”形式的省略结构中。(1)There is no knowing what he will do

16、next.不知道他下一步会做什么。(2)No smoking.禁止吸烟。【梯度升级训练】梯 度 升 级 训 练(见学生用书P269P270)一、用所给动词的适当形式填空 1.turn(1)Turn to the left,and youll see the bus stop.(2)Turning to the left,youll see the bus stop.2.tell(1)Having been told/Told many times,he still couldnt understand the question.(2)Having told me the bad news,he

17、 went out of the room sadly.3.give(1)Nothing could make us give up the hope.(2)Crusoe made a candle to give light.4.examine(1)I want to examine your bag.(2)Your eyes want examining/to be examined.语宾语表语分词现在分词过去分词动词不定式动名词表示具体的一表示说明主语的意为令人具体内容的多修饰物表正在进行的动作表示主语的作的动作前置定语表示被修饰与被修饰语构成与被修饰语构成语的功能学习必备 欢迎下载 (

18、3)I want my eyes to be examined/examined this afternoon.5.get(1)Whats the way Smith thought of to get enough money to buy the new house?(2)Im thinking of getting Tom to repair my bike.6.smoke(1)We dont allow smoking in the office because of the public health.(2)We dont allow anyone to smoke in the o

19、ffice because of the public health.7.listen(1)My little brother enjoys nothing but listening to music.(2)My little brother does nothing all day but listen to music.(3)My little brother had no choice but to listen to me.8.hear(1)The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself heard.(2)The teach

20、er raised his voice in order to make his students hear what he said.(3)The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle to be heard.9.discuss(1)The problem is worth discussing again.(2)The problem is worthy to be discussed again.(3)The problem is worthy of being discussed again.1

21、0.get,fail(1)It passes right through their bodies,only getting a little thicker and sweeter.(2)He worked harder only to fail again.11.ask(1)No one can stop us asking questions.(2)We stopped to ask a schoolboy the way to the teachers office.12.face(1)Faced with so much trouble,we failed to complete t

22、he task on time.(2)Nearly every great building in Beijing was built facing south.13.hold(1)The parents meeting to be held next Saturday is very important.(2)The 29th Olympic Games held in Beijing was a great success.语宾语表语分词现在分词过去分词动词不定式动名词表示具体的一表示说明主语的意为令人具体内容的多修饰物表正在进行的动作表示主语的作的动作前置定语表示被修饰与被修饰语构成与被

23、修饰语构成语的功能学习必备 欢迎下载 (3)The parents meeting being held in our school now is important.14.make(1)To make this cake,you need 2 eggs,175g sugar and 175g flour.(2)Having made the cake,she got down to cooking some milk.(3)I lost my way in complete darkness and,to make matters worse,it began to rain.15.clea

24、n(1)The room is so dirty that I cant help cleaning it.(2)Im too busy,so I cant help(to)clean the room.(3)The room is too dirty.I cant help but clean it.16.type(1)I knew I would be busy today,so I had my paper typed last night.(2)I cant go with you.I have some papers to type.(3)Do you have any papers

25、 to be typed,Sir?17.settle(1)With many problems to settle,the president will have a hard time.(2)With the problem settled,he had a good sleep last night.(3)With the secretary settling the problem,he is reading the newspaper leisurely in the office.18.cheat(1)“I ever saw him cheat an old man of 500 y

26、uan,”he said to the police.(2)He was seen to cheat an old man of 500 yuan in the street yesterday.(3)Unluckily,the policeman saw him cheating an old man around the corner.19.The film was disappointing and all of us were very disappointed.(disappoint)20.At the beginning of class,the noise of desks be

27、ing opened and closed(open and close)could be heard outside the classroom.二、语法填空 A long time ago,there was a huge huge apple tree.A little boy came 1(sing)and jumping and lay under it every day.He would climb to the tree top,eat the apples,and take a nap in the shade.He loved the tree and the tree l

28、oved to play with him.语宾语表语分词现在分词过去分词动词不定式动名词表示具体的一表示说明主语的意为令人具体内容的多修饰物表正在进行的动作表示主语的作的动作前置定语表示被修饰与被修饰语构成与被修饰语构成语的功能学习必备 欢迎下载 In the 2(follow)years,the boy came and cut the branches 3(build)a house,used the trunk on which he used to climb 4(make)a boat and then never showed up for a long time.Finally

29、,5(be)tired of travelling,the boy returned.“Sorry,my boy,but I dont have anything for you anymore.No more apples for you.”the tree said.“I dont have teeth to bite.6(eat)apples no longer appeals to me,”the boy replied.“No more trunk for you to climb on.”“I am too old 7(climb)now,”the boy said.“I real

30、ly cant give you anything.the only thing left is my dying roots,”the tree said with tears.“I dont need much now,just a place 8(rest).Im tired after 9(travel)all these years,”the boy replied.“Good!Old tree roots are the best place to lean on and rest.Come,come,sit down with me and rest.”The boy sat d

31、own and the tree was glad,10(smile)with tears.本文是一篇记叙文。老苹果树把它的一切无私地送给小男孩。然而,男孩注定要远行。多年以后,厌倦了旅行的男孩又回到了苹果树身边。然而,老苹果树只剩下了树根供他倚靠。1.singing 此处为came的伴随状语,且与主语为主动关系,故用singing。2.following 此处为动名词following 作定语,表示“在接下来几年”。3.to build 此处用动词不定式表目的。4.to make 此处用动词不定式表目的。5.having been 此处为伴随状语,且与主句构成因果关系,故用having do

32、ne结构。6.Eating 此处用动名词形式主语。7.to climb too.to.:太,而不能 8.to rest 此处为动词不定式充当后置定语,表示“一个可以休息的地方”。9.travelling 介词after后接动名词形式。10.smiling 此处为伴随状语,且与主语the boy构成主动关系,故用smiling。语宾语表语分词现在分词过去分词动词不定式动名词表示具体的一表示说明主语的意为令人具体内容的多修饰物表正在进行的动作表示主语的作的动作前置定语表示被修饰与被修饰语构成与被修饰语构成语的功能学习必备 欢迎下载 三、单句改错 1.Group activities will be

33、 organized after class to helping children develop team spirit.【答案】helpinghelp 2.The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras returning to our shop for quality problems.【答案】returningreturned 3.Anxiously,she took the dress out of the package and tried it on,only find it didnt fit.【答案】only后加to

34、4.Its quite hot today.Do you feel like g o for a swim?【答案】gogoing 5.There is a note pinned to the door says when the shop will open again.【答案】sayssaying 6.Having been spent nearly all our money,we couldnt afford to stay at a hotel.【答案】去掉been 7.The film star wears sunglasses.Therefore,he can go shopp

35、ing without recognized.【答案】without后加being 8.There are some health problems that,when not being treated in time,can become bigger ones later on.【答案】去掉being 9.I stopped the car to taking a short break as I was feeling tired.【答案】takingtake 10.I remembered to locking the door before I left the office,bu

36、t forgot to turn off the lights.【答案】去掉第一个to 11.The party will be held in the garden,weather permitted.【答案】permittedpermitting 12.If he takes on this work,he will have no choice but meet an even greater challenge.【答案】meet前加 to 13.Today Chinas economy is booming.Chinese seems well worth being learning

37、.语宾语表语分词现在分词过去分词动词不定式动名词表示具体的一表示说明主语的意为令人具体内容的多修饰物表正在进行的动作表示主语的作的动作前置定语表示被修饰与被修饰语构成与被修饰语构成语的功能学习必备 欢迎下载 【答案】去掉being 14.We look forward to work with you hand in hand to create a better future!【答案】workworking 15.Judged from the response of the audience,the performance was quite a success.【答案】JudgedJudging 语宾语表语分词现在分词过去分词动词不定式动名词表示具体的一表示说明主语的意为令人具体内容的多修饰物表正在进行的动作表示主语的作的动作前置定语表示被修饰与被修饰语构成与被修饰语构成语的功能