2023年笔记_新编简明英语语言学教程_复习最全面精品资料.pdf

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1、Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学 Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学 General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言 language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communica

2、tion.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。4.识别特征 Design Features It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness 任意性 Productivity 多产性（创造性）Duality 双重性 Displacement 移位性 Cultural transmission 文化传递 5.语言能力 C

3、ompetence （抽象）Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用 performance （具体）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。7.历时语言学 Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time.a diachronic s

4、tudy of language is a historical study,which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.8.共时语言学 Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time.9.语言 langue（抽象）The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.言语 parole（具体）T

5、he realization of langue in actual use.11.规定性 Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for”correct”behavior,to tell people what they should say and what should not say.12.描述性 Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.二、知识点 1.language is not an isolated phen

6、omenon,its a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。2.几种观点和现象的提出者：瑞士语言学家 F.de Saussure:Langue 和 parole 的区别 美国语言学家 N.Chomsky :in1950 针对 Saussures langue&parole 提出 Competence 和performance 曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家 Sapir-language is a purel

7、y human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.Hall-language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.Chomsky-from now on I will cons

8、ider language to be a set of sentences,each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.美国语言学家 Charles Hockett:提出了语言的识别特征 design features 3.the word language preceded by the zero-article,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language.Language 一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种

9、特定的语言。4.in order to discover the nature of the underlying language system,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts.5.language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts,so its hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once.判断题 6.Frist drew the attent

10、ion of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。三、问答题 1.what are major branches of linguistics?what does each study?Phonetics-its defined as the study of the phonic medium of language,its concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.Phonology-the study of

11、 sounds systemsthe inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.Morphology-Its a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Syntax-its a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence

12、structure of a language.Semantics-Its simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.Pragmatics-the study of meaning in context of words.Sociolinguistics the study of language with reference to society.Psycholinguistics-the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.Applied l

13、inguistics-the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.2.why do we say language is arbitrary?Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.The fact th

14、at different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language,its only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.A typical example to illustrate the arbitrariness of lang

15、uage is a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.3.what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Modern linguistics is descriptive,its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。traditional grammar is prescriptive.

16、it is based on high written language.传统语法是规定性的，研究高级书面语。4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic?why Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic,focusing on the present-day language.unless the various states of a language are successfully studied,it will not be possible to describe languag

17、e from a diachronic point of view.现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。5.which enjoys priority in modern linguistics,speech or writings?Speech enjoys for the following reasons:Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.A large amount of communication is carried out in speech

18、 than in writing.speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.6.how is Saussures distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomskys?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language.their purpose is to singl

19、e out the language system for serious study Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language,Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view,competence is a property of the mind of each individual.6.the distinction between langue and parole?langue is abstr

20、act,relatively stable parole is concrete,varies from person to person,from situation to situation.1/What is linguistics?什么是语言学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.It studies not any particular language,but languages in general.2/The scope of linguistics 语言学的研究范畴 The

21、study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.(普通语言学)The study of sounds,which are used in linguistic communication,is called phonetics.（语音学）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.（音位学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arra

22、nged to form words are called morphology.（形态学）The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics.（语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.（语用学）The study of language with reference to so

23、ciety is called socio-linguistics.（社会语言学）The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics.（心理语言学）The study of applications(as the recovery of speech ability)is generally known as applied linguistics.（应用语言学）But in a narrow sense,applied linguistics refers to th

24、e application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning,especially the teaching of foreign and second language.Other related branches include anthropological linguistics,（人类语言学）neurological linguistics,（神经语言学）mathematical linguistics,（数字语言学）and computational linguistics

25、.（计算机语言学）3/Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学研究中的几对基本概念 Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use,it is said to be descriptive,if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not

26、say,it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar.Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive.The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use,whether it is“correct”or not.Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历

27、时 The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study;the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.In modern linguistics,synchronic study is more important.Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech and writing are the two major media of communication.M

28、odern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary,but not the written form.Reasons are:1.Speech precedes writing;2.There are still many languages that have only the spoken form;3.In terms of function,the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written,and carrie

29、s a larger load of communication than the written.Langue and parole 语言和言语 The Swiss linguist F.de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community,and parole refers to the realiz

30、ation of langue in actual use.Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study.He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole,to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of

31、linguistics.Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用 Proposed by American linguist N.Chomsky in the late 1950s.He defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.He believes the task of the

32、linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.Chapter Two Phonology 一、定义 1.宽式音标 Broad transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only.2.窄式音标 Narrow transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.3.清音 Voiceless When the voca

33、l cords are drawn wide apart,letting air go through without causing vibration,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds.4.浊音 Voicing Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds.5.元音 Vowel The sounds in the production of which no articulators

34、 come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels.6.辅音 Consonants The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants.7.音位 Phoneme The basic unit in phon

35、ology,its a collection of distinctive phonetic features.8.音位变体 Allophones Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.9.音素 phone A phonetic unit or segment.it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning,its a speech sound we use when

36、 speaking a language.10.最小对立对 Minimal pair When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings,the two words are said to form a minimal pair.11.超切分特征 Suprasegmental The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segm

37、ent are called suprasegmental features.the main suprasegmental features include stress,intonation and tone.12.互补分布 complementary distribution P35 Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.13.语言的语音媒介 Phonic medium of language The limited range of sounds which are

38、 meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language.在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。有限的声音是语音媒介。14.爆破音 stops When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete,the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air pa

39、ssing out again is called a stop or a plosive.they areb p t d k g 二、知识点 1.statistics resulting from careful investigations show that there have been over5,000languages in the world,about two thirds of which have not had written form.2.of the two media of language,speech is more basic than writing.3.

40、Phonetic 组成 Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 longest established,mostly developed Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 4.articulatory Apparatus/Organs of Speech Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 Oral cavity 口腔 greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal cavity 鼻腔 5.The tongue is the m

41、ost flexible,responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other,the extreme back of the tongue can be raised towards the uvula and a speech sound can be thus produced as is used in Arabic and French.6.Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciati

42、on ofk andg,the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue leads to the soundj;the obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the soundstandd.7.nasal consonants:m/n/8.A Phone is a phonetic unit or segment.9.Sequential rules 例子 If t

43、hree consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word,the combination should obey the following three rules:the first phoneme must be/s/the second phoneme must be/p/or/t/or/k/the third phoneme must be/l/or/r/or/w 10.English has four basic types of intonation:Falling tone;Rising tone;Fal

44、l-rise tone;Rise-fall tone 三、问答题 1.what are the three branches of phonetics?how do they contribute to the study of speech sound?Articulatory describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.Auditory-studies the physical properties of speech sounds,reaches the

45、 important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal.Acoustic-studies the physical properties of speech sounds,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer.发音语音学描述了我们的发音器官如何发出语音，以及这些语音为何有所不同。听觉语音学研究语音的物理性质，得出了重要结论，即语音同一只是理论上的理想。声学语音学研究语音的物理性质，研究语音从说话者到听话者之间的传播方式。2.how are

46、the English consonants classified?By place of articulation and By manner of articulation 3.how do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?who do you think will be more interested in the different between sayiandi,p andph,a phonetician or a philologist?why?语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个

47、更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?Phonetics description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos 4.whats a pho

48、ne?how is it d ifferent from a phoneme?how are allophones related to a phoneme?Phonea speech sound,a phonetic unit.Phoneme-a collection of abstract sound features,a phonological unit.Allophones-actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.5.what is a minimal pair and a minimal set?

49、why is it important to identify the minimal set in a language?为什么区分最小对立组在一种语言中非常重要?Minimal pair two sound combinations identical in every way except in one sound element that occurs in the same position.除了出现在同一位置的一个语音成分不同外,其他部分都一样的两个语音组合.Minimal set a group of sound combinations with the above featu

50、re.一组具有上述特征的语音组合.By identifying the minimal pair or the minimal set of a language,a philologist can identify its phonemes.通过分析一种语言的最小对立对或最小对立组,音位学家能辨别出它的音位.6.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ?Broad transcription one letter symbol for one sound.Narrow t