专四语法专讲.pdf

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1、语法难点与考点时 间 15分钟 共 3 0 题，语法和词汇各占5 0%,共 15分。冠词冠词有两个形式：不定冠词a（n）和定冠词the。不定冠词的用法可分为两大类：一类是类别用法，另一类是“指量用 法 例 如：There are a dozen eggs in the basket.Kate and I are nearly of an age.定冠词的用法包括特指用法，概括用法以及与形容词.副词比较等级连用。例如：T h e 的几个基本用法1）特 指 某（些）人（或）物If you get into difficulties,Monica is the person to ask.This

2、is the house where Lu Xun once lived.2）指说话人与听话人彼此所熟悉的人或事物The manager is in his office.3）复述上文提过的人或事物Last week I read a story and a play.The story is about the Second World War and the play about the life of university students.4）表示世界上独一无二的事物The sun,the moon,the earth,the sky,the world5）定冠词th e 用于单数可数

3、名词前，表示某一类人或事物The Chinese student of English is apt to make such mistakes.The favorite fast food in the U.S.is the hamburger.6）在序数词、形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前January is the first month of the year.7）抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时，前面通常不用冠词，但特指时，需用定冠词War is the continuation of politics.Our battalion fought north and south duri

4、ng the Anti-Japanese War.每年的英语专业四级测试中几乎都会涉及到限定词.例如：The idea of traveling through space to other planets interests many people today.（1995。54）A.a B.the C/D.one_human problems that repeat themselves in_ life repeat themselves in literature.A./,/,the B./,the,/C.The,/,/D.The,the,theThe rising crime rate

5、 is major concern of_society.A the,the BA,/C a,the D/,theTed couldnt remember the exact date of the storm,but_Sunday,because everyone was at_ church.A/,theB a,/C/,a D the,/二代词代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词。重点：such以及关系代词。1.suchsuch可以用作主语.表语.宾语和补语，例如：such的意义一般要由Ihat或 a s引导的分句来表示：such可以用作

6、主语、表语、宾语和补语，l)such that+分句1.His kindness was such that we will never forget him.2)such as+to 不定式2.The situation is such as to demand your immediate attention.真题 3.The brilliance of his satires was make even his victims laugh.(1996.51)A.so as to B.such as to C.so that D.such that真题 4.His strong sense

7、 of humour was make everyone in the room burst out laughing.(1998.50)Ao so as to B.such as to C.so that D such that真题 5.That trumpet player was certainly loud.But I wasnt bothered by his loudness_by his lack of talent.A.so much as B.rather than C.as D.than(2004-41)“notso much a s (与其说是,倒不如说是)。3)such

8、 as+分句6.The case is not such as can be easily settled.2 关系代词(Ihat,who,whom,whose,which,as,but,than,where)关系代词引导的定语从句分为限制性和非限制性定语从句，它们的主要区别是：限制性定语从句是名词或名词短语不可缺少的一个组成部分，去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确，而非限制性定语从句指对先行词的意义起补充说明的作用，因而不是关键性的。如果省略了它，原句意义仍然是完整的。例如：I want to buy the house which has a garden.(限制性)I want to buy

9、a house,which has a garden.(非限制性)非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般要用逗号隔开，在口语中要略加停顿。1)whichwhich用来指物，不可指人。可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句。注意：that不可引导非限制性定语从句.；w hich的先行词有时可以是一个句子、而不是一个词。例如：She married Joe,which(=and this/that)surprised everyone.He is fond of music,which(=and this/that)Fm glad to hear真题 The physicist has made a disc

10、overy,_of great importance to the progress of science and technology.A.I think which is B.that I think is C,which I think is D which I think it isI have never been to London,but that is the cityA.where I like to visit mostB.Td most like to visitC.which I like to visit mostlyD.where Id like most to v

11、isitWe*ve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment,_should make great differences in our life next summer.A.which B.what C.that D.They2)that,who,whom,whoseth at可用于指人或物，但只用于限制性定语从句。先行词是不定代词时(all,much,few,little,some,any,none,anything,something,nothing,everything),关系代词不能用which,只能用th at,当 t

12、h at句中作宾语时可省略。先行词被形容词最高级或first,last,only,very,n o 等修饰时，用 that,不用which/who/whom.e.g.No sample(that)we have received is satisfactory.This is the very book(that)you are looking for.有两个或两个以上先行词兼指人或物时，关系代词用thatA victim is a person,animal,or thing that suffers pain,death,destruction,etc.真题 Firms that use

13、computers have found that the number of staff is needed for quality control can be substantiallyreduced.A whose B as C what D thatWho,whom 用于指人，前者作主语，后者作宾语。当先行词是 anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,关系代词多用 whom 或 w ho,不用 that.Tell me something about the man for whom I shall be working,

14、Is there anyone here who can speak English?Whose+名词可引导定语从句，在句中做主语或宾语，w hose既可指人，又可指物People whose dogs hit other people should keep them tied up.3)Where/whenW here引导定语从句,相当于介词in,at+whichW hen引导定语从句，相当于介词on,during+whichThis is the university where he studied 20 years ago.Do you still remember the day

15、when he arrived?注意：1)先行词表示“情况”的名词时,(如case,conditions,situation,instance),定语从句用where引导。There are some cases where this rule does not hold good.There are many instances where he is cool-headed.2)how 不能引导定语从句。This is the way how he behaves.XThis is the way he behaves.This is how he behaves.真题This compa

16、ny has now introduced a policy,_pay rises are related to performance at work,(1996.44)A.which B.where C.whether D.whatHave you ever been in a situation _ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?A.by which B that C.in where D.where4)asas在限制性定语从句中，既可指人，又可指物，可与the same,such,so,

17、a s 连用。You are still the same person as I knew ten years ago.Such buildings as you see in the district are rare now.We witnessed so exciting a sight as we had never dreamed of.As many people as are present have voted for the candidate.as在非限制性定语从句中既可充当主语也可充当宾语，无论作主语或宾语都可代表它的先行词或句子。如：The two countries

18、 were satisfied with this solution,as was agreed beforehand.Julia was sad,as could be judged from her tearful eyes.The world,as we know,is made up of small particles called atoms.真题 Mr.Smith is a t e a c h e r,i s clear from his manner.A.as it B.as C.that D it真题 Things,_ is often the case,will turn

19、out to be contrary to one1 s wishes.A.as B.which C.that D.itAs,w h ic h 在引导非限制性定语从句的区别1)a s 引导的从句位置灵活，可位于主句前面、中间、或后面，w hich的从句只能放在主句之后。2)a s 既可指前面提到的情况，也可指后面将要提到的情况，w hich只能指前面提到的情况。3)习惯用法中，多 用 asas we/you know;as often happens;as may be imagined;as is well known;as is often the case;as is usual wit

20、h sb.;as isthe custom with;as is natural;as is reported;as is shown in;as is hoped;as is supposed;as is anticipated;as has been saidbefore;as has been pointed before4)被动语态中的b e 动词，a s 的从句可省，w h ic h 不可Football and basketball,as(不用 which)played in the U.S.today,are basically modifications of games th

21、at originated inEngland.5)But作为关系代词引导定语从句时.其意义相当于Ihal not/who nol。它的主句往往带有n o t或 no.There is no one of us but wishes to g o.我们人人都想去。He has many pen-friends.No week passes he receives several lettersA.that B.which C.than D.but6)Thanthan作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为“形容词比较级+than+从句”。Than在从句中作主语，相当于than w

22、hatThe indoor swimming pool seems to be a great more luxurious t ha n.A.is necessary B.being necessaryC.to be necessary D.it is necessaryThere ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than_in the public mind today.A.exists B.exist C.existing D.to existThe experiment requ

23、ires more money t han.A.have been put in B.being put inC.has been put in D.to be put in7）介词+which/whom/who/whose引导定语从句的用法。某些介词可置于关系代词which,whom/who,whose之前，因为这些代词在从句中作介词宾语，也可置于句尾I sent invitations to eighty p e o p le,h a v e replied.A.of whom only twenty of theseB.of whom only twentyC.only twenty o

24、f these whoD.only twenty whoThis is the refrigerator_we have had so much trouble.A.at which B.of whichC.to which D.with whichShe is a pleasant girl with whom to work.He has a knife with which to defend himself.The committee consists of 20 members,5 of whom are women.真题He is quite worn out from years

25、 of hard work.He is not the man he was twenty years ago.A which B that C who D whomOnly take such clothes_really necessary.A as wereB as they are C as they wereD as are_is often the case with a new idea,much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals.A that B it C

26、this D asThey fulfill the task in_it took us.A three-fburths time B three-fourths timesC three-fburths the time D the three-fburths timeAbove the trees are the hills,_magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.A where B of those C whose D which三 动词1.动词的时态英语一共有16个时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，一

27、般过去将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时，过去将来进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，过去将来完成时，现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时，过去将来完成进行时，不同时间发生的动作，要用不同形式的动词来表示.下面列举一些例句或真题来说明各种时态的用法：How can I ever concentrate if you continually_me with silly questions?A,have.,interrupted B.had.interruptedC.are.interrupting D.were.interruptingMr.White works wi

28、th a chemicals import&export company,but he for the industrial fair,since he is on leave.A.has worked B.worksC.has been working D.is workingFor some time now,world leaders_out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction.A.had been pointing B.have been pointingC.were pointing D.pointedJack from hom

29、e for two days now,and I am beginning to worry about his safety.A has been missing B has been missedC had been missing D was missedconscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.AI was and always will beB I have to be and always will beC I had been and always will beD I have been and always will beC

30、ome and see me wheneverA you are convenientB you will be convenientC it is convenient to youD it will be convenient to you2.动词的语态英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态用于主动句中.表示主语是动作的执行者：被动语态用于被动句中.表示主语是动作的承受者。To his astonishment,he saw a rope ladder out and three men climbing down it.A throwing B.being thrownC.ha

31、ving throw D.having been thrownI was to have made a speech ifA.I was not called awayB.nobody would have called me awayC.I had not been called awayD.nobody called me away四、虚拟语气虚拟语气表示与事实相反的一种假设或一种愿望.怀疑.建议.猜测.可能或纯粹的空想。1.虚拟语气在条件从句中的应用：最基本的虚拟条件句分为两种，表 达“对现在事实或将来情况的假设，和与现在事实相反或过去事实相反。条件从句通常用if来引导，构成形式如下if

32、 H动词过去式,would+动词原形If+had十动词过去分词,would have十过去分词If H动词过去式，或 should(were to)十动词原形,would十动词原形或should(were to)+have+动词原形,Would have 十过去分词注：If+had+动词过去分词，可以省略if把 had提前，其他成分保持原位。should亦可提前，省略if从句省略连词if的虚拟语气在书面语中，使用虚拟语气的条件状语从句中的连词if可以省略，这时要把be动词were或助动词should/h a d 提到从句主语的前面。a.be动词were提到从句主语的前面。如：Were I yo

33、u,I would take an umbrella with me.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened,should there be a sudden loud noise.Were banks to increase their loans to business,which would use these funds to increase their inventories,investmentwould increase.b.动词should/had提到从句主语的前面Should I

34、have time,I would call her.Had I known it,I have told you.Had the damage been worse,the insurance company would have paid more.真题_for the fact that she broke her leg,she might have passed the examA.Had it not been B.Hadnt it beenC.Was it not D.Were it not,he would not have recovered so quickly.A.Had

35、nt he been taken good care ofB.Had he not been taken good care ofC.Had not he been taken good care ofD.Had he been not taken good care of_their help,we would not have succeeded.A.Hadnt been for B.Had it not been forC.It hadnt been for D.Had not it been for_you were busy,I wouldnt have bothered you w

36、ith my questions.A.If I realized B.Had I realizedC.I realized that D.As I realized_you further problems with your printer,contact your dealer for advice.A.if,had B.Have,hadC.Should,have D.In case,had1）对现在事实或将来情况的假设，If your car any attention during the first 12 months,take it to an authorized dealer.

37、A.shall need B.should needC.would need D.will need注意：使用与将来事实相反情况的虚拟语气时，条件状语从句的结构为一般过去式，或 were/was+不定式或 should+动词原形，而主句一般用would/should+动词原形If she were to marry Jack,she would be happy.If it should rain again,what else would I do?If it snowed tomorrow,I should/would stay at home.If it were to snow tom

38、orrow,I should/would stay at home.（下雪可能性小）If it should snow tomonow,I should/would stay at home.（下雪可能性大）真题I _writing the paper as scheduled,but my mothers illness inten upted.I hope you will excuse me.A am to have finishedB was to have finishedC was to finishD ought to finish2)与现在事实相反或过去事实相反If we ha

39、d left a little earlier,we could have caught the bus.If she hadnt needed the umbrella,she woudn11 have bought it.I _ the party much more if there hadnt been quite such a crowd of people them.A.would enjoy B.will have enjoyedC.would have enjoyed D.will be enjoyingI was to have made a speech ifA.I was

40、 not called awayB.nobody would have called me awayC.I had not been called awayD.nobody called me away,he would not have recovered so quickly.A.Hadnt he been taken good care ofB.Had he not been taken good core ofC.Had not he been taken good cam ofD.Had be been not taken good care ofAll of us would ha

41、ve enjoyed the party much more if them _ quite such a crowd of people them.A.werent B.hasnt beenC.hadnt been D.wouldnt befor the fact that she broke her leg,she might have passed the exam.A.Had it not been B.hadnt it beenC.Was it not D.Were it not2.虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用1)下列结构后的主语从句中谓语动词常用should+动词原形，should可

42、以省略，h is desired(suggested,requested,demanded,required,advisable,desirable,imperative,preferable,urgent,understanding,necessary,important,incredible,strange,essential).;It was ordered(proposed,arranged)that.;It has been decided t h a t I t is our wish(apity,a shame,no wonder)th at等，这些结构中的形容词或过去分词都表示

43、愿望、建议等意义的。It was essential that the application forms(should)be sent back before the deadline.It is of the utmost importance(=It is very important)that you should)be there on time.The board deemed it urgent that these files _ right away.A.had to be printed B.should have beenC.must be printed D.shoul

44、d be printedIt is imperative that students-their term papers on time.A.hand in B.would hand inC.have to hand in D.handed in2)提议，建议，命令，要求或惊奇，惶惑，怀疑，不满等意义的动词(advise,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,resolve,suggest,urge,expect,believe,suspect,beg,command,decide,demand,think,deserve,desire,

45、determine,direct,insist,intend,maintain,move)I never expected that the problem should be so complicated.Mike*s uncle insists in this hotelA.staying not B.not to stayC.that he would not stay D.that he not stay3.虚拟语气用在表语从句和同位语从句中importance,understanding,motion,requirement,insistence,order,proposal,sug

46、gestion,preference,recommendation,necessity,advice,demand significance,request,mandate引导的表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语动词为虚拟表达式，其形式为should(可省略)+动词原形He left orders that nothing_touched until the police arrived here.A.should be B.ought to beC.must be D.would beWhat do you think of his proposal that improvements_in th

47、e old type of vacuum cleaner?A.be made B.would be madeC.will be made D.will have to be madeJean Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it _ in areligious as well as worldly,frame of reference.A.is to be analyzed B.had been analyzedC.be analyzed

48、 D.should have been analyzedAt the last meeting,the motion that the supermarket open until Oct.1 was defeated.A remained B remainC.remains D.would remain4)在 It，s time/Its about time/It*high time(that)后的句子中用过去式表示虚拟If you have really been studying English for so long,its about time you _ able to write

49、 letters in English.A.should be B.were C.must be D.are-What courses are you going to do next semester?-UI dont know.But its about time on something.A.Fd decide B.I decidedC.I decide D.Im decidingIt is time the nations of the world_a halt to the manufacture of nuclear weapons.A.would call B.called C.

50、call D.will callTo be frank,Td rather you in the case.A.will not be involved B.not involvedB.not to be involved D.were not involved5)由 as if(though),even if(though),if only,in order that,so that,lest,for fear that,in case,whatever,whoever,however,no matter what(who,which,how),granted th at等词引导的状语从句中