英语语法+简易英语语法总结.docx

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1、英语语法+简易英语语法总结 第一篇：英语语法+简易英语语法总结 关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里 :/m.meten /test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0 简易英语入门语法1-3级 一 语音部分： 语法1元音和辅音：26个字母中，a,e ,i, o ,u 叫元音，其他字母叫辅音。 音标中，发音响亮，气流不受阻碍的叫元音，发音浑浊，气流受阻碍的叫辅音。 其中声带不振动的叫清辅音，如：声带振动的叫浊辅音，如 语法2连读和失去爆破：句子中，当前面单词结尾是辅音，后面单词开头是元音，要连读。 如：It is a pen. Take it easy. 当一个爆破辅音和另一个辅音

2、连读时，往往不读，即失去爆破。 At ten that man 语法3辅音浊化：一个单词中，两个清辅音连读，后一个变浊辅音，叫辅音浊化。具体变法： 变, 如：sport, 变如：stand, 变,如：school 二语法部分： 语法1名词：表示人或物名称的词，叫名词。名词分单数和复数。复数词尾加s 名词复数词尾转变规则： 1 一般在词尾加s: house-houses, book-books, 2 以 s, x, sh, ch, o结尾，在词尾加es: bus-buses, glass-glasses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches, pota

3、to-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, 特殊：radio-radios, zoo-zoos, piano-pianos, photo-photos, 3以辅音加y结尾，y变i加es: story-stories, family-families, baby-babies, 4 以f,fe结尾，把f,fe变成ves: knife-knives,wife-wives 1 5 特殊名词复数 sheep-sheep, fish-fish, man-men, child-children, mouse-mice, woman-women, 练习：把以下名词变成复数，并翻译。 hous

4、e， book， bus， glass，box，brush，watch，bird,bed,bag, potato， tomato，radio， zoo，piano，photo， story，family，baby，knife， wife，sheep，fish，man , child,mouse,woman ,cat,mat 读音规则： 1元音，浊辅音后发，如：bags, zoos 2. 清辅音后发, 如：maps,book 3. 与t结合发, 如：cats, mats 4. 与d结合发, 如：beds, birds 语法2代词：即代替名词的词。I我， we我们，you你，你们，he他， she

5、 她，it它， they他她，它们 this这， that那， these这些， those那些. Myself我自己 语法3动词：表示人或物动作，状态的词。 be: is,am,are 实意动词：play, study, go,do, pass, 语法4句子结构： 主+谓+宾：I like this pen. They study English. We close our books. 我宠爱这支钢笔。 他们学习英语。 我们合上书。 主+系+表：I am a man. She is a girl. He is old. 我是一个男人。 她是一个女孩。 他老了。 语法5谓语动词的第三人称单数

6、形式：在主+谓+宾句子结构中，当主语是第三人称单数名词或代词时，动词词尾要加“s, 加“s的方法和名词复数一样。 I like English.He likes English. We play a ball.XiaoMing plays a ball. 其他词如：watch-watches, passpasses, dodoes, gogoes, studystudies, 2 主+谓+宾句子的否认和一般问句： I dont like English. Do you like English? Yes, I do. No,I dont. He doesnt like English. Doe

7、s he like English? Yes, he does. No, he doesnt. 语法6常见句式： 主语+不及物动词 The little girl smiled. The sun is rising. She is sleeping. Does the coat fit? 主语+及物动词+宾语 She knows English. He left school last year. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+干脆宾语 He told us a story. She passed her bread. I ll lend you fifty dollars. 主语+系动词+表语

8、I am a teacher. She looked tired. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语 The news made us sad. He found the room empty. 语法7物主代词的用法：表示“谁的即物主代词。 以下物主代词必需和名词一起运用: my, our, your, his, her, its, their, 以下物主代词必需单独运用: mine, ours, yours, his, hers, -, theirs. 例如：This is my book. This book is mine. These are our pens . These. pens

9、 are ours. 表示人全部用 s,如：Anns father Toms pen 表示物全部用of,如：the name of the book书名 3 语法8一些简洁的句子结构学问 1 确定句：英语确定句语序基本和中文一样。如： I am a teacher. I study English hard. I can swim. 2 否认句：主+谓+宾结构用do not=dont does not=doesnt表示：如 He doesnt study English hard. I dont get up at six every day. 主+系+表结构只需在is ,am ,are后加n

10、ot即可，如： I am not a teacher. Tom isnt in the classroom. 3 一般问句: 主+谓+宾结构用do does在句首表示：如 Does he study English hard? Do you get up at six every day? 主+系+表结构只需把is ,am ,are提前到句首t即可，如： Are you a teacher? Is Tom in the classroom.? 4 特殊问句: 特殊问句用特殊疑问词加一般问句，如 Why are you a teacher? When Is Tom in the classroo

11、m.? What can you see in the picture? 语法9动名词和不定式 英语语法规定，动词不能做谓语以外的成分。如需要做其他成分，动词要做形式的转变。 如：我宠爱游泳。I like swimming.I like to swim.划线部分就是动词做宾语时的两种形式的转变。前者语法上叫动名词，后者语法上叫不定式。又如： My father likes reading a book. Xiao Ming likes playing football. Lily likes dancing. We like watching TV. May likes listening t

12、o misic. Ben likes learning English. I like to draw pictures. I like to watch TV. May likes to play the piano. 语法10如今进行时: 表示正在进行的动作要用“主语+be+动词-ing的形式，我们把这种形 式叫如今进行时。如： The boys are playing football. My mother is cleaning the room. I am flying a kite. 1) What are you doing? Im/Were dancing . What is

13、he/she doing? Hes/Shes washing . What are they doing? Theyre . 4 2) Are you ? Yes, I am. (No, Im not.) Is he/she ? Yes, he/she is. (No, he/she isnt.) Are they ? Yes, they are. (No, they arent.) 动词加ing的方法： 1一般干脆加：playing, watching TV, 2 辅音加不发音e结尾，去e加： dance-dancing have lunch-having lunch 3 重读闭音节一个元音

14、加一个辅音结尾，双写辅音加ing: running, beginning 语法11人称代词的主格和宾格：人称代词有主格和宾格两种形式： 主格：I we you he she it they 宾格: me us you him her it them 主语用主格，宾语用宾格：I like them. -They like me. 语法12基数词和序数词：表示人或物个数的词叫基数词。如：one1, two2, 表示人或物依次的词叫序数词。如：first第一, second其次, third第三fifth第五, ninth第九, twelfth第十二, twentieth其次十. 除以上七个词，二十

15、以内序数词只需将基数词尾加s即可。如：fourth, sixth 语法13一般将来时：表示将来要进行的动作或状态用shall,will或be going to，我们称为一般将来时。I /We shall go to the cinema this afternoon.今日下午我们将去看电影。 He will go out for a walk. 他将去处漫步。 shall 和will可用be going to 代替。如：I am going to look after my mother this afternoon. 1) What are you going to do? Im/Were

16、going to study in America . What is he/she going to do? Hes/Shes going to be a policeman . What are they going to do? Theyre going to . 2) Are you going to ? Yes, I am. (No, Im not.) Is he/she going to ? Yes, he/she is. (No, he/she isnt.) Are they going to ? Yes, they are. (No, they arent.) 5 语法14一般

17、过去时：表示过去进行的动作或状态用一般过去时。 确定句中一般用动词后缀ed的方法表示。如： I watched TV yesterday. 昨天我看电视了。 I played cards with XiaoMing last Sunday.上周日我和小明玩牌了。 I studied English this morning. 一般过去时词尾-ed的加法： 1 干脆加-ed： watch- clean 2. 以e结尾,加-d： live- phone 3 .以 “辅音+y结尾y变i加-ed： study- carry 4. 重读闭音节结尾只有一个辅音,双写辅音加-ed： stop- chat -

18、ed的发音： ed- d playplayed listenlistened cleancleaned repairrepaired ed- t watchwatched looklooked helphelped ask-asked ed- Id visitvisited waitwaited 特殊动词： do - am/is- are have/has- come- go- see- take- 句型： What did you do last night? I watched TV. When did you get up this morning? I got up at six. 6

19、 Where did you go last summer? I went to Hainan with my patents. 一些特殊动词的过去式：go-went, has/have-had, do-did. 一般过去时否认句和疑问句用did做助动词。如： Did you go to school last Sunday ? I didnt go to school last Sunday. 语法15如今完成时态 一 如今完成时态主语+have/has+过去分词表示: 1.起先于过去持续到如今(或许还会持续)的动作。如： I have studied English since 1988.

20、 They have been Beijing since 1949. He has lived here for two years. 2 未指明具体时间，表示说话前已经完成，但结果影响至今的动作。如： He has gone to Shanghai.(=He went to Shanghai and he is not here now.) I have opened the window.(=I opened the window and the window is opened now.) 二 如今完成时的构成： 主语+have/has+过去分词一般同过去式，常用特殊过去分词见下表 i

21、s/am was been are were been become became become begin began begun break broke broken bring brought brought buy bought bought come came came cut cut cut do did done draw drew drawn 7 drink drank drunk drive drove driven find found found get got got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown have/h

22、as had had hold held held keep kept kept know knew known lay laid laid leave left left make made made read read read ring rang rung run ran run say said said see saw seen show showed shown sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept slept speak spoke spoken stand stood stood swim swam swum take took take

23、n teach taught taught 8 write wrote written 三 如今完成时态和过去时态的区分： 1 如今完成时态一般不和明确指出时间的状语连用。 I havent seen him recently. I saw him yesterday. I have written to him twice. I wrote to him last night. She has come already. She came yesterday. I have seen him this morning.说话时在上午。 I saw him this morning. 说话时在下

24、午。 语法16可数名词和不行数名词：可以数清个数的名词叫可数名词。如：book, bag 不行以数清个数的名词叫不行数名词。如：rice, water,hair,skin 问可数名词多少用how many: How many birds can you see?你能望见多少只鸟？ How many people are there in your family? 你们家有几口人？ 问不行数名词多少用how much: How much is this sweater? 这件毛衣多少钱？ 语法17冠词：a, an ,the叫冠词。a用在后面以辅音字母开头的单词前。如：a book. an用在后面

25、以元音字母开头的单词前。如：an apple. 特殊：an hour 语法18过去进行时：表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。用was/were+v-ing表示。 I was watching TV this time yesterday. 9 语法19被动语态： 1 概念：被动语态是把主谓宾结构中的宾语改写做主语，相当于汉语中的被字句。 改写法；原句宾语+be+过去分词+by+原句主语，例如： Adam planted 种two apple trees last year.去年 Two apple trees were planted by Adam last year. Adam picked

26、摘 a big red apple this morning. A big red apple was picked by Adam this morning He gave Jane the big red apple later后来 The big red apple was given to Jane later. 2被动语态的作用：1突出动作承受者，即宾语，如：His great plan was stopped by his father. (2) 不知道或没必要指出主语时，如：My wallet was stolen. Paper was first invented in Chi

27、na. 3被动语态的时态： 1一般如今时：is ,am, are +过去分词 The teacher is loved by her students. 2一般过去时：was, were +过去分词 The story was told by her. 3一般将来时：shall,will+be +过去分词 The model plane will be made by me. 被动语态的一种常用语：be made of 和be made from 译为 ：由制成 Newspaper is made from paper. 报纸由纸制成。报纸是纸做的 Pepsi bottle is made o

28、f plastic. 百事可乐瓶由塑料制成 语法20形容词和副词: 1 形容词:主要修饰名词和代词：a thin man , a dirty coat, I am hungry. 2 副词：主要修饰动词，形容词，和其它副词，:如：walk slowly, cry loudly very hungry, too quickly, very much, 3 一些形容词后加ly可构成副词:quick-quickly, happy-happily ,careful-carefully 10 语法21形容词和副词的比较级和最高级:用词尾加er,est 构成 单音节词和双单音节词构成法 1一般干脆加er

29、,est：cold-colder ,coldest 2 以e结尾，加r, st : large-larger, largest 3 重读闭音节一个元音加一个辅音结尾，双写辅音加er,est: big-bigger, biggest 4 .以 “辅音+y结尾y变i加er,est: easy-easier, easiest 特殊转变：goog/well - better, bettest many/muchmore, most badworse, worst 多音节词用more, most加在单词前表示： beautifulmore beautiful , most beautiful 例句： T

30、he train is longer than the bus. Tom is the hardest in his class. 语法22句子成分与词性的关系 1名词作用 做主语: A girl stood in the middle of the road. The bag is mine 做宾语: Please open the window. 做表语: This is an apple. 做定语: We will meet at the school gate. 做宾语补语: We made him our monitor. 2形容词作用 做定语: I have an interest

31、ing book. 做宾语补语: The rain made the ground wet . We found the door open. 做表语: I am happy. He looks very healthy. 做主语或宾语: The new replaces the old. 语法23介词： 1 关于位置的：in , on, under, next to , between, in front of, behind 2 11 3 关于方法的：by (bus,train) , with, ( Dont write with pencil.) 4 和不及物动词连用连接宾语：arriv

32、e at, arrive in, look at, 语法24情态动词:can , could, may , might, shall, should, need, would, must 语法25连词和困难句子： 1 2 3 4 5 I met him when I was crossing the street this morning. His mother is worried because she hasnt had any letter from him. If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country. I

33、was in the bath, so I didnt hear the telephone. He had a drink ,then he went home. 关于时间的： in the evening/morning, on Monday, at six 6 7 8 He is too young to go to school. She has enough money to buy the house. You are not old enough to go to school. 三 功能句部分 打招呼/问候 1) Hello/ Hi! 你好/ 嗨！ Good morning/

34、Morning! 好的早上/ 早上！Good afternoon! 下午好！Good evening! 晚上好！ 2) How do you do? 你好 3) How are you? 你好吗？(Im) Fine/Very well/OK, thank you./好， 感谢你。 4) Glad to meet/see you. (, too.) 望见你很兴奋 Nice to meet/see you. (, too.) 介绍 1) 自我介绍 Im/My name is . 我是/我的名字是 . 2) 介绍他人 This is Mr/ Mrs/ Miss . 这是先生/ 太太/ 小姐 . 道别

35、 Goodbye! Bye-bye/ Bye! 认人 1) Whos he/she? 他/她是谁？ Hes/ Shes . 他/ 她是 . Whos that? Thats /Its/Hes/Shes . 2) Are you Mr. Smith? Yes, I am. (No, I am not.) 是， 我是。不 ， 我不是 Yes, we are. (No, we arent.) 是， 我们是。不， 我们不是。 Is he/she? 他/她是？ Yes, he/she is. (No, he/she isnt.) 5 姓名 Whats your name? My name is . Wh

36、ats his/her name? His/Her name is . 姓名是一种符号，它是社会上人们互相区分的标记。但人们在取名时却给予了它某种特殊的含义，盼望它表达某种精神或象征某种事物，能给自己带来好运等。那么，你知道下面这些英美姓名的含义吗？ English Chinese Meaning Alice 艾丽斯 真理 Ann 安 高雅 Grace 格雷斯 秀丽、雅致 Jane 简 光明的火焰 Jone 琼 年青 Linda 琳达 美丽 Lucy 露茜 光明 Mary 玛丽 辛苦 Mona 莫娜 和平使者 Read 里德 读书 13 Smith 史密斯 铁匠 White 怀特 白色 Blu

37、e 布鲁 蓝色 Clark 克拉克 聪明 David 大卫 可爱 Frank 弗兰克 自由 Jim 吉姆 取代者 John 约翰 神的恩典 Mark 马克 战神之子 Peter 彼得 石头 Victor 维克托 折服者 Jack 杰克 刚毅 Black 布莱克 黑色 Brown 布朗 棕色 Green 格林 绿色 Red 雷德 红色 6 年龄 How old are you? 你多大了？ Im . How old is he/she? Hes/Shes . 14 7 认物 1) Whats this/that? 这/那是什么？ Its a book./an apple . What are these/those? 这些/那些是什么？ Theyre . 2) Is this/that/it? Yes, it is. (No, it isnt.) Are these/those/they? Yes, they are.(No, they arent.) 8 庆贺 Happy New Year (to you)!