经济学原理ppt-曼昆.ppt

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1、Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.A Lecture Presentation in PowerPoint to AccompanyPrinciples of EconomicsSecond EditionbyN.Gregory MankiwPrepared by Mark P.Karscig,Department of Economics&Finance,Central Missouri State University.Ten Principles of EconomicsChapter 1Copyri

2、ght 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Requestsforpermissiontomakecopiesofanypartoftheworkshouldbemailedto:PermissionsDepartment,HarcourtCollegePublishers,6277SeaHarborDrive,Orlando,Florida32887-6777.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.Economy.The word economy comes from

3、 a Greek word for“one who manages a household.”Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.A household and an economy face many decisions:uWho will work?uWhat goods and how many of them should be produced?uWhat resources should be used in production?uAt what price should the goods b

4、e sold?Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.Society and Scarce Resources:The management of societys resources is important because resources are scarce.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.Scarcity.means that society has limited resources and therefore

5、 cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.EconomicsEconomics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.Economists study.uHow people make decis

6、ions.uHow people interact with each other.uThe forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.Ten Principles of Economics1.People face tradeoffs.2.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.3.Rational people think at the mar

7、gin.4.People respond to incentives.How People Make DecisionsHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.Ten Principles of Economics5.Trade can make everyone better off.6.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.7.Governments can sometimes improve economic outcome

8、s.How People InteractHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.Ten Principles of Economics8.The standard of living depends on a countrys production.9.Prices rise when the government prints too much money.10.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.How

9、the Economy as a Whole WorksHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.1.People face tradeoffs.“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.1.People face tradeoffs.To get one thing,we usually have to give up another thing.u G

10、uns v.butteru Food v.clothingu Leisure time v.worku Efficiency v.equityMaking decisions requires trading off one goal against another.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.1.People face tradeoffs.uEfficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.uEq

11、uity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.Efficiency v.EquityHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.2.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Decisions require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives.uWhether

12、 to go to college or to work?uWhether to study or go out on a date?uWhether to go to class or sleep in?Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.2.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item.Harcourt,I

13、nc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.3.Rational people think at the margin.Marginal changes are small,incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.4

14、.People respond to incentives.uMarginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.uThe decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.LA Laker basketb

15、all star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight to the NBA from high school when offered a$10 million contract.4.People respond to incentives.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.5.Trade can make everyone better off.uPeople gain from their ability to trade with one

16、 another.uCompetition results in gains from trading.uTrade allows people to specialize in what they do best.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.6.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.uIn a market economy,households decide what to buy and who to work f

17、or.uFirms decide who to hire and what to produce.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.6.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an“invisible hand.”Harcour

18、t,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.6.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.uBecausehouseholdsandfirmslookatpriceswhendecidingwhattobuyandsell,theyunknowinglytakeintoaccountthesocialcostsoftheiractions.uAsaresult,pricesguidedecisionmakerstoreachoutcomesthatte

19、ndtomaximizethewelfareofsocietyasawhole.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.7.Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.When the market fails(breaks down)government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcour

20、t,Inc.7.Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.7.Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.Market failure may be caused by an externality,whic

21、h is the impact of one person or firms actions on the well-being of a bystander.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.7.Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.Market failure may also be caused by market power,which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly

22、 influence market prices.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.8.The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Standard of living may be measured in different ways:uBy comparing personal incomes.uBy comparing the total market value of a nations production.Harcourt,In

23、c.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.8.The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries productivities.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.8.The standard of living depends

24、 on a countrys production.Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time.Higher productivity Higher standard of livingHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.9.Prices rise when the government prints too much money.Inflation is an incre

25、ase in the overall level of prices in the economy.uOne cause of inflation is the growth in the quantity of money.uWhen the government creates large quantities of money,the value of the money falls.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.10.Society faces a short-run tradeoff betw

26、een inflation and unemployment.The Phillips Curve illustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment:Inflation UnemploymentIts a short-run tradeoff!Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.SummaryuWhen individuals make decisions,they face tradeoffs.uRational people make

27、decisions by comparing marginal costs and marginal benefits.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.SummaryuPeople can benefit by trading with each other.uMarkets are usually a good way of coordinating trades.uGovernment can potentially improve market outcomes.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.SummaryuA countrys productivity determines its living standards.uSociety faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.