经济学的十条法则.ppt

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1、PowerPoint Lecture Presentationto accompany Principles of Economics,Third EditionN.Gregory MankiwPrepared by Mark P.Karscig,Central Missouri State University.1 INTRODUCTIONCopyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning1Ten Principles of EconomicsCopyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningEconomy.Th

2、e word economy comes from a Greek word for“one who manages a household.”Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSA household and an economy face many decisions:Who will work?What goods and how many of them should be produced?What resources should be used in production?

3、At what price should the goods be sold?Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSSociety and Scarce Resources:The management of societys resources is important because resources are scarce.Scarcity.means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce al

4、l the goods and services people wish to have.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSEconomics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS How people make decisions.People face trade

5、offs.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Rational people think at the margin.People respond to incentives.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS How people interact with each other.Trade can make everyone better off.Markets are usually a good way to

6、organize economic activity.Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS The forces and trends that affect how the economy as a whole works.The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Prices rise when the gove

7、rnment prints too much money.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#1:People Face Tradeoffs.“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningMaking decisions requires trading of

8、f one goal against another.Principle#1:People Face Tradeoffs.To get one thing,we usually have to give up another thing.Guns v.butterFood v.clothingLeisure time v.workEfficiency v.equityCopyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#1:People Face TradeoffsEfficiency v.EquityEfficiency means s

9、ociety gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#2:The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.Decisions require comparing costs a

10、nd benefits of alternatives.Whether to go to college or to work?Whether to study or go out on a date?Whether to go to class or sleep in?The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#2:The Cost of Something Is What You G

11、ive Up to Get It.LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight from high school to the pros where he has earned millions of dollars.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPeople make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.Principle#3:Rational Peopl

12、e Think at the Margin.Marginal changes are small,incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#4:People Respond to Incentives.Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.The decision to choose one alternative over an

13、other occurs when that alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#5:Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off.People gain from their ability to trade with one another.Competition results in gains from trading.Trade allows people to specia

14、lize in what they do best.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#6:Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity.A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goo

15、ds and services.Households decide what to buy and who to work for.Firms decide who to hire and what to produce.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#6:Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity.Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting i

16、n markets act as if guided by an“invisible hand.”Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell,they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions.As a result,prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society

17、 as a whole.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#7:Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes.Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.When the market fails(breaks down)government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity.Copyright 2

18、004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#7:Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes.Market failure may be caused by an externality,which is the impact of one person or firms actions on the well-being of a bystander.market power,which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly in

19、fluence market prices.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#8:The Standard of Living Depends on a Countrys Production.Standard of living may be measured in different ways:By comparing personal incomes.By comparing the total market value of a nations production.Copyright 2004 South-W

20、estern/Thomson LearningPrinciple#8:The Standard of Living Depends on a Countrys Production.Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries productivities.Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time.Copyright 2004 Sout

21、h-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#8:The Standard of Living Depends on a Countrys Production.Standard of living may be measured in different ways:By comparing personal incomes.By comparing the total market value of a nations production.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#9:Prices

22、 Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money.Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.One cause of inflation is the growth in the quantity of money.When the government creates large quantities of money,the value of the money falls.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson

23、 LearningPrinciple#10:Society Faces a Short-run Tradeoff Between Inflation and Unemployment.The Phillips Curve illustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment:Inflation UnemploymentIts a short-run tradeoff!Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningSummaryWhen individuals make decision

24、s,they face tradeoffs among alternative goals.The cost of any action is measured in terms of foregone opportunities.Rational people make decisions by comparing marginal costs and marginal benefits.People change their behavior in response to the incentives they face.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thoms

25、on LearningSummaryTrade can be mutually beneficial.Markets are usually a good way of coordinating trade among people.Government can potentially improve market outcomes if there is some market failure or if the market outcome is inequitable.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningSummaryProductivity is the ultimate source of living standards.Money growth is the ultimate source of inflation.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.