专四英语语法考点串讲及真题再现.pdf

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1、专语考点串讲语法回顾篇:专四语法考点虚拟语气、情态动词、非谓语动词、复合句、倒装、小 语 法（省略，时态，反义疑问句，代词，强调句，主谓一致，冠词,形容词及副词）、as的特殊用法。专四英语语法考点串讲之一 虚拟语气一般说来，有下列几种考点需要考生注意力考点及两备考点)考 点 1.与现在事实相反从句谓语动词用did(be用 were),主句谓语动词 would(should,could,might)+do；考 点 2.与过去事实相反从句谓语动词用had done,主句谓语动词用 would(should,could,might)+have done；例如：43.1 the party much

2、more if there hadnt been quite such acrowd of people there.A.would enjoy B.will have enjoyedC.would have enjoyed D.will be enjoying49.A11 of us would have enjoyed the party much more if therequite such a crowd of people there.A.werent B.hasnt been C.hadnt been D.wouldnt考 点 3.与将来事实相反，从句谓语动词用：did(shou

3、ld+do 或 were+to do),主句谓语动词用：would(should,could,might)+doo例如：43.If your car any attention during the first 12 months,take it to anauthorized dealer.（08 年）,A.shall need C.would need,B.should need D.will need考 点 4时态的交叉现象，也就是主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段例如：If you had gone to see the doctor,you would be all right no

4、w.你要是早去看病，你现在就没事了。考 点 5.虚拟条件句i f 可以省略，但从句的语序要用到装，即将腕 re,ha域shoul瞪至主语的前面形成倒装，但否定词no坏前移。例如：65._,he would not have recovered so quickly.（05 年）,A.Hadnt he been taken good care of,B.Had he not been taken good care of,C.Had not he been taken good care of,D.Had he been not taken good care of考点 6.insist G 个

5、坚持）；order ccmnand 两道命令）；suggest,advise,propose（三条建议）；ask,require,request,demand 四点要求）及相应的名词的从句，谓语要使用：shoul峋词原形或动词原形例如：58.It was recommended that passengers smoke during theflight.（04 年）,A.not B.need not C.could not D.would not考点 7.It is-badvisable,essential important,imperative,incredible,等等相关的从句，谓语

6、要使用：shoul峋词原形或动词原形例如：46.lt is imperative that students their term papers on time.（04 年）,A.hand in B.would hand in,C.have to hand in D.handed in考 点&it is highQbout）time th a t的结构中，从句使用一般过去式例如：54 Ifs high time we _ cutting down the rainforests.（06 年）A stopped B had to stop C shall stop D stop考 点 9.muc

7、h as尽管，虽然，引导让步状语从句，从句中用wDuldhavedone表示假设，可以是说话人的语气变得十分委婉，真诚。例如：52.Much as,I couldnt lend him the money because I simplydidnt have that much spare cash.（99 年）A.I would have liked toB.I would like to haveC.I should have to likeD.I should have liked to考 点 10.if only表示要是就好了相当与wish,as if/as though的用法。与现在

8、事实相反：动词过去式与过去事实相反：had+done与将来事实相反：coulcj/ould+do例如：52.If only I _ play the guitar as well as you!(06 年)A would B could C should D might备考1.would rather或 would sooner后跟宾语从句，从句中使用一般过去式或过去完成式分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟，表示“宁愿某人作某事”例如：The manager would rather his daughter in the same office now.A.had not worked B.not

9、to workC.does not work D.did not work备考2.用于lest,for fear that引导的状语从句。在 lest,for fear that等引导的状语从句中，通常用”(should+)原形动词”这一虚拟语气形式例如：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest hehimself.A.injure B.had injured C.injuredD.would injure专四语法考点串讲之二情态动词考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：(1)情态动词+行为动词完成式(2)某些情态动词的特殊用法1.mus

10、t havemust have v-ed表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为：can*/couldn,t have v-ed,表示过去不可能发生某事。例如：Since the ditch is full of water,it must have rained last night.2 could have x d表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了3.may/might have ved表示推测过去某事 也许”发生了.m ay比might表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。4 ought to/should have v-ed 和 ought not to/shouldn t havew

11、ed用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该.”和“本不应该”表示应完成而未完成的动作用于完成时中的否定句，表示不应完成但已做的动作5.needn t have i d表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要”。例如：You neednt have waken me up;I dont have to go to work today.注意：did not need to do动作并没发生例：I didn,t need to get up early,so I got up until 9 a.m.特殊用法 cant表示“不可能,，may n o t表示 不可以，mu

12、stnCmust not)表示“不许可 禁止”,neednt(need not)表示“不必，dare not+动词原形表示“不敢”(2)must表推测 的否定现在式用carft，过去式用couldnt(3)May I/we.?这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes,please.或Certainly；否定回答为 Please dont.或 No,you mustnt.例如：“May we leave now?”“No,you mustnt.You havent finishedyour home work yet.(4)need I/we.?这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes,we m u st;否定回答

13、为neednt在回答must引起的问题时、如果是否定的答复，不能用mustnt而要用 neednt 或 dont have to(6)May/might as well may.but.(表转折)(7)I wish to go home with you,may I?(8)Do help yourself to have fruit,wont you/will y o u?(表示一种委婉的请求)情态动词短语的使用would like to do.would rather do.would rather+从句would prefer to do.had better do.精态动词：will（愿

14、意），shall（将），must（必须），can,may,would,should（应该）,might,could,ought to,used to（过去常常）,need（需要）,dare（竟敢），have to（不得不）句 are,need也可作一般（行为）动词“情态动词一般用法的否定:mustnt 不准，禁止，不要can(couldnt)不会；不能;may(might)not 不可以;neednt 没必要(=dont have to)used not/usednt to 或 didnt use to.过去不.dare not 不敢情态动词推测用法Must 一定，肯定Can/could 可能

15、may/might”可能，也许”可能不械断用法cant(couldnt)不可能Can、(couldnt)不可能May(might)not 也许不,should/ought to按理应当，应该是;shouldnt 不应该(=oughtnot to）情态动词+have+done结构表示对过去动作的推测1.must have done：对过去的肯定推测，译作“一定做了”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为 can t/couldn t have doneIt must have rained last night,for the road was quite muddy2.can/could have

16、done：对过去的可能性推测，译作“可能做了”。只能用疑问句中Can/Could he have said it?他可能说过那种话吗？3.may/might have v-ed：对过去的可能性推测,译作“也许能,有可能。It s too late.I think he may have gone to bed.情态动词+hav什过去分词结构表示轻微的责备和后悔肯定：过去应该做而没有做；否定：过去不该（不必）做而做了。might/could+have+过去分词：“本来可以，早就应该（只用于肯定句，且不能用may,can）You could have told me you were going

17、to be late!.你应当早告诉我你会晚到的！should（ought to）+have+过去分词：本应（没做）should not（ought not to）+have+过去分词：本不该（做了）You should not have handed in your composition yesterday morning.你本不应把作文交了。You should have been here earlier.你应该早点来才对。3.neednt+have+过去分词：“本不必，本不须（need只用于否定句）（做了）You neednt have woken her up.Its only s

18、 ix.你其实不必叫醒她。现在才六点。注意：did not need to do动作并没发生（没做）例:I didnt need to get up early,so I got up until 9 a.m.忱大注意点1.在以could,might表示征询对方意见或表示请求时，回答应相应使用 can,may一 Might I watch TV after supper?Yes,you.A.may B.must C.might D.can2.May I/we.?这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes,please.或Certainly；否定回答为 Please dont.或 No,you mustnt

19、.例如：“May we leave now?”No,you mustnt.You havent finishedyour home work yet.3.need I/we.?这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes,we m u st;否定回答为 needrft4.在回答must弓|起的问题时，肯定must;如果是否定的答复，不能用 mustnt,而要用 neednt 或 dont have to5.1 wish to go home with you,may I?6.Do help yourself to have fruit,wont you/will y o u?（表小一种委婉的请求）7.Sha

20、ll用于第三人称，表示许可，允许8.lets do this job,shall we?Let us do this job,will you?9.should也表示惊讶的语气，例如：I was shocked that she should have said such a thing to you.（她竟然对你说那样的话，）哂大特殊结构l.may/might as well+动词原形 意为 最好，满可以，倒不如“，相当于 had betterYou may as well do it at once.2.may well+动词原形”是一种常见的结构，意为“（完全）能，很可能”He may

21、well be proud of his son.他大可为儿子高兴。3.cannot.too/enough表 示“无论怎么.也不算过分”、越.越好”You cannot be too careful.4.had better 最好You had better not wake me up when you come in.辆大类区别：、表示能力：can,be able tobe able t o 能用于各种时态。can/could只能表示现在或过去的能力*was/were able to:“设法做成某事“相当于 managed to do sth succeeded in doing sth.

22、二、used to 和 would 的区别used to过去常常（但现在已无此习惯，would无此含义）He used to drink beer,now he drinks wine.他过去喝啤酒，现在喝白酒。would只能用来谈动作;used to用来谈动作或状态（可与be,live,like,stay等状态动词连用）：He would get up early when he lived in the country.他住在乡下时总是早起。We used to live in a small tow n.（不能用 would）Be used to doing sth:习惯于做某事专四语法

23、考点串讲之三 非谓语动词非谓语动词是历年专四测试的重中之重，每年试题一般一到两道（1 2分）。命题特点1.非谓语动词的时态与语态；2.非谓语动词的否定式；3.动词不定式的各种形式及应用；4.ing结构的各种形式及应用；5 .-ed结构在句中的不同用法；6.非谓语动词作状语、宾语等的辨析；7.非谓语动词的固定结构或习惯用法等。【非谓语动词基础知识】一个句子当中，已经存在谓语动词,又没有连词的情况下，需要非谓语动词来修饰句子的其他成分。动词不定式；现在分词；过去分词；动名词L不定式的时态及语态一般式 to do to be done与谓语动作同时或进行式 to be doing表示谓语的动作发生时

24、，不定式的动作正在进行完成式 to have done to have been done先于谓语动作的发生用途：表将来 表某一次具体的动作 表目的I have a lot work to dg I do not 1 ike to danc TD learnEnglish wel 1,I practice more.2动名词一般式 doing being done与谓语动作同时发生完成式 Having done having been done在谓语动作之前用途：抽象、习 惯 性（his hobby i s painting I am proud ofbeing a Chines3.分词的时态

25、和语态现在分词 一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done过去分词 done用途：现在分词：主动、进行、令人的过去分词：被动、完成、感到的The swinming boy is Thu 主动、进行）the rocm facing south（主动）The film is disappointing Tan is disappointed的）/感 到）Look at the broken g la ss.被动、完成）注 意*所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是把否定副词not放在非谓语动词的上面改口果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需

26、要用动词的完成时态。考点一不定式做结果状语的固定搭配too 4-adj/adv to dg so-+adj/adv as to do,such-Hi as to doa d j/adv enough to doonly to do常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果。考点二 使怎么样”之类的动词amuse,astonish,excite,frighten,interest,move,relax,satisfy,shoek,surprise,encourage,disappoint,puzzle,tire,please,inspire,terrify,worry,它们的ing形式表示主动，而过去分词表示

27、被动。一般情况下“人”用过去分词，“物”用 ing形式。烤点三 除 之外的介词but except前面有行为动词do时，不定式不带tq 否则带ta烤点四 why not do s t h 为何不做某事)固定搭配cannot/hardly/never/scarcely too.to.“越越好；无论也若B 不过分You cannot be too careful to cross the street.你过街时越小心越好。carf t(help/thoos but 不得不，只能，不禁I cannot help but tell her the tru th.我只能告诉她真相。懈题思路：看似纷繁复杂

28、的各种非谓语动词考题实际上是有解题规律可寻的，非谓语动词解题三步曲：一、首先抓住主谓结构，确定主句 没有连接词只有一个主语二、分析主动被动分析语态就是在确定主语之后，分析非谓语动词和主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。三、分析动作先后要考虑动作发生的时间先后，即时态。独立主格独立主格：句中没有连接词，逗号分开两个句子，存在两个主语形式：名 词 然 词+分词在用分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为：独立主格的分类：(1)IN汾 词 还有TD分词)短语作状语时，有自己独立的逻辑上的“主语”。相当于各种形式的状语，表示一种伴随

29、的动作或情况，或表原因There being nothing more for discussion,the meeting was overhalf an hour earlier.介词(with)小 词 锵 容 词，副词翎在分词或过去分词，表示陪村行动做或补充说明例如：He lay on his back,with his aim behind his head(3)独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况，表示时间、原因、条件等，例如：工 Efe rushed into the roar;his face covered with sat伴随情况）工 The shower being over,w

30、e continued to march.时间）4 So many students being absent,we decided to put themeeting o f f.原因）4-Xfeather permitting 雇 11 have an outing tcmorrow 条件）*Al 1 things considered,her paper is of greater valuethan yours.4-The job done,腌 屣nt hone.4-The ccmposition written,he handed it to the teacher.专四语法考点串讲

31、之三一不定式、动名词作宾语（非谓语补充）情跟不定式做宾语的词三 个w h.c,二a领 着 四d、9-r 卬 二 1、b,外 加 三 个g u,a3w want 想要），wish 希望），wait 等待）hope 希望），help 帮忙），hesitate 犹豫）3c care 愿意），choose 选择），claim声称）2式agree同意），afford担负得起），4d dare 敢于），demand 要求），determine 决定），decide 决定）4p plan 计划），pretend 假装），premise 允诺），prepare 准备）IE refuse 拒绝）Im manag

32、e 设法）21:learn 学会），long 渴望）2b:beg 乞求），bear 忍受）let offer 提出）Ite undertake 答应；同意）le:expect 希望）喉 不 带 t。的不定式的特殊动词一感：feel二听：listen tq hear三让：make,have,let四看：watch,see,look at,observe被动句里to还原。喉不定式作宾语，动名词作宾语均可，且意思基本不变的词双方一旦开始（begin,start）,无论喜欢（love,like,prefer）与否（hate,d i s l i k a,都 得 继 续 Continue）下 去。都不能企

33、图（attempt）忽 视（neglect）开始的爱（lov日。习惯也好，害怕也好，难以容忍（cart t beaU stancj/endur前也好。可以动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思却不同的词四“记”力争不后悔四“记”记住）renumber,忘记）fo r g e t,计划小丁算）m e a n,继续）go力争：try不后悔：stop regret remanber to do s th.记得要做某事ranember doing sth 记得曾做过某事 forget to do s t h 忘了要做某事forget doing s th.忘了做过某事；mean to do sth 打

34、算做某事mean doing s th.意味着，就是go on to do 继续做另一件事go on doing 继续做同一件事 try to do s t h 试图做某事，try doing s th.尝试做某事 stop to do sth 停下来做某事stop doing s th.停止做某事。regret to do sth 对要发生的事表示“遗憾”，regret doing sth 对发生过的事表示“后悔常接动名词做宾语的词cafe disk（m ilitary policeman）宪 兵 带 着 2把手枪在咖啡馆里看光盘阴旨mind介意），m iss逃过），mention提及）用旨

35、 prevent,postpone,practice2r指risk冒险），re sist抵制）c指 consider 考虑）a指 admit 承认），avoid避免），appreciate 感激），f指 fancy 幻想），finish 完成），feel like 喜欢）e指 enjoy 享受），escape 逃脱），ensure 确保）d指delay延迟），deny否认），detest痛恨）i指imagine想象）s指suggest建议）k指keep保持）吩 词 后 的inghave difficulty（irj）doing sth 做某事有困难be busy（irj）doing sth 忙

36、于做某事succeed in doing s th.成功做某事give up doing sth放弃做某事prevent/stop/keep sb/s th f rem doing 阻止.做.spen（J/丽ste time/honey in doing在做方面花钱、浪费时间或金钱how/汕at about doing sth 做.怎么样了？Have seme difficulty/trouble in doing 在方面有些困难There is no sense in d o in g做是没有理由的Thank/admi re rais/blame/co 1 4/punish sb for d

37、oing sth因做某事而感谢、羡慕、表扬、责备、惩罚某人*t。是介词，不是不定式标志，接动名词做介词to的宾语 apply oneself to 致力于,be accustomed to 习惯于,confess to 供认,care to 谈到,devote oneself to 献身于,get down to 着手做,give way to对让步,lead to 导致,look forward to 期待next to几乎12 object to 反对13.pay attention to 注意14.stick to 坚持15.stand up to勇敢面对16.turn to求助于17.

38、be used to 习惯于*用于“b巴过去分词+t6结构中的过去分词常见的有:accustcme（j/used（习惯）addicted（沉溺于）astonished（惊讶）devoted（致力于）detennined（决定）engaged（订婚）exposed（遭受）known（已知）married（结婚）opposed（反对）prepared（准备）related（相关）*用于“be4过去分词4wi田结构中的过去分词 常见的有:armed（配备）connected（相关）covered（覆盖）crowded（挤满）faced（面对）fed up（厌烦）filled（充满）pleased（高

39、兴）satisfied（满意）tired（劳累）相于“bed过去分词+irF结构中的过去分词常见的有：absorbed（全神贯注）en g a g ed（从事）i n v o l v ed（参与）l o s t （陷入）s ea t ed（坐在）s i t u a t ec j/l o c a t ed（位于堀于“b el过去分词结构中的过去分词c o n v i n c ed（相信）i n f o r m ed（了解）t i r ed（厌烦）加组易错的现在分词、过去分词1 i e vi.l a y l a i n l y i n g 躺1 i e E 1 i ed 1 i ed l y i

40、n g 撒谎l a y vi.l a i d l a i d l a y i n g放；下蛋f o u n d vt.f o u n ded f o u n ded 成立f i n d vt.f o u n d f o u n d 发现Wi n d w o u n d w o u n d 盘旋蜿蜒W）u n d w o u n ded w o u n ded 受伤r i s e vi r o s e r i s en 上升r a i s e vt.r a i s ed r a i s ed上升f a l l vi.f el l f a l l en 落下f el l v t.Fel l ed

41、f el l ed 砍f eel vt.f el t f el t 摸；感觉常见的有:hang vi hung hung 悬挂hang vt.hanged hanged 绞死light vt.lit（一般作谓语）light lighted（作定语）燃着的burn vt./v i burnt 烧焦的，burning正在燃烧的专四语法考点串讲之四 复合句一、定 语 从 句五太概念;一概念一、什么是定语从句？在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。在定语从句中，被修饰的这一名词或代词叫做先行词。在定语从句中的引导词叫做关系词。关系词又分关系代词和关系副词。概念二、关系词有哪些？1关系代词：

42、which（指sth作主语或宾语），that（指sb或sth作主语或宾语），who（指sb作主语或宾语），whom（指sb作宾语），whose（指sb或s th,作定语）,as（指sb,sth作主语或宾语）;注意:做宾语的时候,关系代词可以省略一2、关系副词:when（指时间 on which）,where（指地点 at which）,why（指原因 for which）概念三、关系词通常有下列三个作用？1.引导定语从句；2.代替先行词；3.在定语从句中担当一个成分。Eg.The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.概念

43、四、关系代词和关系副词有何区别及方法？主要是它们在从句中所起的作用不同。关系代词在从句中一般作主语或宾语。而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。Focus in：方法一：句子成份法：关系代词在句中充当主语、宾语；关系副词在从句中作状语。方法二：句子完整法：关系代词引导的定语从句不完整:关系副词引导的定语从句是完整的。I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.I will never forget the days that/which we spent together.概念五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区

44、别A.限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。B.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语”.的”通常译成主句的并列句。在非限制性定语从句中，通常用who,whom,whose指人，用which指物。Eg.Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go tocollege.她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学.（意含：她还有其他哥哥。）Her brother,who is now a soldier

45、,always encourages her to go tocollege.她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含：她只有一个哥哥。）考点一.先行词为人时引导词 砒。和thata.用who不 用that的情况：（1）当先行词为one,ones,anyone,those时。（2）当先行词为人称代词时 一。He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.Those who have any difficulty with pronunciation should practicemore.b.用that不 用who的情况：1）当主

46、句已经出现who时。2）关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。Who is the man that spoke to you just now?Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.考点二.先行词为物时引导词that和whicha只 用that不 用which的情况：（1）先彳了词为 much,little,few,nothing,none,anything,no,all 等不定代词(2)先行词既有人又有物。(3)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰。(4)先行词被 the very,the only,the last,just,all,any,

47、every,no 等修饰(5)关系代词在从句中作表语.(6)在疑问词who which what开头的句子中(7)主句是there be句型：This is one of the best films that I have ever seen.China is no longer the country that it used to be.All that can be done has been done.He spoke of the things and persons that he had seen abroad.This is the very book that I am l

48、ooking for.Who is the man that is talking to Jim?There is a man that lives in that village.b.只能用which不 用 that的情况：1.介词后面 2 逗号后面1.定语从句中的介词前置时关系代词只能用which2.引导非限制性定语从句时只能用which,其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分.(1)The machine,which I have looked after for many year,is stillworking perfectly.(2)My glasses,withou

49、t which I was like a blind man,fell to the groundand broke.考点三：介词快系代词媪lic h/a1皿*关系代词前介词的确定方法：1.定语从句的动词与先行词的逻辑关系，或者从句的动词、形容词的习惯性搭配。Eg.The farm on which I once worked has taken on a new lookWho is the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands?Ours is a beautiful country,of which we are greatly proud.

50、2.非限制性定语从句中，表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词+o f+关系代词”的结构，e.g.There are 50 students in our class,two-thirds of whom have beento Beijing.3.Whose从句可转换为“of T关系代词”型,whose的先行词指物时,可用of which代替，但词序不同，即 whose+n=统e+n+of which=of which+the+n.e.g.They live in a house,whose door opens to the south.They lived in a house,the