生产和企业组织课件.ppt
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1、20 五月 2023生产和企业组织课件生产理论和边际产品6.1生产系统FirmsLaborCapitalResourceGood1Service1GoodnServicen3生产函数 The production function specifies the maximum output that can be produced with a given quantity of inputs.It is defined for a given state of engineering and technical knowledge.It looks like this:Q=F(K,L,R)4Q
2、=F(K,L,R)Q is the quantity of some products you want to produce.K is the capital or plant and equipment that you will need for the production.L is the number of employees or quantity of labor.R is a catch-all(包括所有的)term for other things like raw materials(原料)and energy.F is the state of the current
3、technology.5专业术语 The production function specifies the maximum output that can be produced with a given quantity of inputs for a given state of engineering and technical knowledge.要点:给定投入时的各个可能的产量中最大的产量。在给定的工程和技术知识条件下。6总产量和平均产量 Total product designates the total amount of output produced in physical
4、 units.Average product equals total product divided by total units of input.说明:平均产量通常是指某一种投入要素的平均产量。7边际产量 The marginal product(边际产量)of an input such as labor is the extra output added by 1 extra unit of that input while other inputs are hold constant.其他要素保持不变,一种投入要素增加一单位,带来的产出的增加量。8边际产量图示FirmQ+MPAdd
5、 1 unit of some input and hold other inputs constantThe MP is extra output.KLR+19最大产出 劳动的边际产量的含义是:投入 N+1 单位劳动时的最大产量与投入 N 单位劳动时的最大产量之差。增加 1 单位劳动后,所有的分工都要按最优方式重新安排,然后得出投入 N+1 劳动的产出水平。104000300020001000300020001000 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5Labor LaborMarginal product(per unit of labor)Total product11报酬递减定律
6、 Under the law of diminishing returns,a firm will get less and less extra output when it adds additional units of an input while holding other inputs fixed.In other words,the marginal product of each unit of input will decline as the amount of that input increases,holding all other inputs constant.1
7、213Units of laborTotal productMarginal productAverage product0 01 2000 20002 3000 15003 3500 11674 3800 9505 3900 7802000100050030010014边际产量和总产量的关系产量劳动力总产量加速上升边际产量最大时,总产量上升最快。总产量边际产量总产量下降总产量减速上升边际产量为0时,总产量最大。15平均产量和总产量的关系产量劳动力平均产量增大平均产量最大阶段总产量平均产量总产量下降阶段 阶段平均产量减小16生产的比例性 生产要求投入多种要素,而且要素之间通常有一定的比例性要求
8、。有些生产要求投入要素之间的比例性高一些,有些则要求低一些。例如,工业生产的比例性要求资本一般高一点,农业生产的比例性要求资本低一点。正是要素投入的比例性要求,形成一种要素的报酬递减现象。17实际的报酬递减定律 当其他的投入固定,而一种投入的数量由 0 逐步增加时,边际产量开始可能递增,但迟早递减。OMarginal productQuantity of labor18说明 我们在计算一种要素的边际产品时,利用“投入 N+1 单位要素时的最大产量与投入 N 单位要素时的最大产量之差”来衡量。对于劳动而言,较多的人数可以形成更好的分工模式,对于资本而言,较多的资本可以使用更有效的生产方法,因此,
9、可能使边际产品存在递增阶段。19规模报酬问题 What would happen to wheat production if land,labor,water,and other inputs were increased by the same proportion(比例)?These questions refer to the returns to scale(规模报酬).20FirmKLRQ规模报酬图示aKaLaRbQa 1?a ba ba=b21规模报酬的三种情形 There are three important cases of returns to scale:Constan
10、t returns to scale(规模报酬不变),Increasing returns to scale(规模报酬递增),Decreasing returns to scale(规模报酬递减).22规模报酬不变 Constant returns to scale denote a case where a change in all inputs leads to a proportional(成比例的)change in output.手工艺行业往往具有规模报酬不变性。a=bFirmKLRQaKaLaRbQ23规模报酬递增 Increasing returns to scale(also
11、 called economies of scale)arise when an increase in all inputs leads to a more-than-proportional increase in the level of output.化工企业往往具有规模报酬递增性。a bFirmKLRQaKaLaRbQ24影响规模报酬递增的因素 Related Factors:labor specialization(专业化)managerial(管理的)specialization efficient capital by-products(副产品)and other such f
12、actors.25规模报酬递减 Decreasing returns to scale occur when a balanced increase of all inputs leads to a less-than-proportional increase in total output.a bFirmKLRQaKaLaRbQ26导致规模报酬递减的原因 Causes of diseconomies(不经济)of scale:plant may get too big for effective management;workers may begin to feel alienated(
13、疏远的)from their jobs.管理活动自身一般随着规模增大而效率递减,当管理因素的份额较大时,将显现规模报酬递减性。27范围经济性 Economies of scope occur when a number of different products can be produced more efficiently together than apart.大炮面包产品转换曲线生产大炮和面包的规模收益不变28范围经济性说明大炮面包产品转换曲线面包数量大炮数量保持面包数量不变,可以生产更多的大炮。保持大炮数量不变,可以生产更多的面包。29短期和长期 We define the shor
14、t run(短期)as a period in which firms can adjust production by changing variable factors(可变要素)such as materials and labor but cannot change fixed factors(固定要素)such as capital.The long run(长期)is a period sufficiently long so that all factors including capital can be adjusted.30“短期和长期”的说明 经济学意义上的短期和长期不是
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