专四必备语法.pdf

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1、专四必备语法一、时态、语态时态、语态需要掌握的要点：1.表达将来时的形式：(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：1 1 1 tell him when you will ring again.我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)比较:HI tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)(2)在 make sure,make certain,see(to it)后的 that 从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：See to it that you include in the paper wh

2、atever questions theydidnt know the answer to last time.（include不能用will include或其他形式）2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：(1)by/between/up to/till+过去时间、since、by the time/when+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：We had justhad our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictu

3、res in whichartificial beings were portrayed had been produced.（表示1919年时已发生的情况）（2）by+将来时间、by the time/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。就来完或时用来表小在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经 常 与 before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或 by the time引导的现在时的从句连：构成 will/shall+have+完成式用于第一人称，will+have+完成式用于其他人称。表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产

4、生影响。We shall have learned 12 units by the end ofthis term.到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。表示推测，相当于must have done”结构。You w川haveheard of this,I guess.我想你已经听说过这件事了。By the time you arrive in London,we will have stayed inEurope for two weeks.表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间 we willhave been married a year on june 25th 至 ij 6 月 25

5、 日我们俩结婚就满1年了I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time wecome back next year.(3)by now、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/lastfew(或具体数字)years/days/months,主句用现在完成时，但在it is+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：现在完成时(Present perfect)过去发生并已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。基本结构：吾

6、+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)e,g done肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)+宾语.否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)+宾语.一般疑问句：Have/Has+，语+动词的过去分词(p.p)+宾语.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+fe语+过去分词+其他)强调对现在的影响或结果,此用法容易和一般过去时混淆。两者的区别是:一般过去时有动作发生的时间点,即过去某时间发生某动作；现在完成时则没有，即不强调是那个时间点发生的动作，而强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。The changes that had

7、taken place in air travel during the lastsixty years would have seemed completely impossible to eventhe most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.It is four years since John left school.在It is the+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：It isnt the first time that I have found myself in

8、an embarrassingsituation.(5)在 no soonerthan，hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用过去完成时。动词 think,want,hope,mean,plan,intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：They had wanted to help but could not getthere in time.I3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如:The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages,butnothing has

9、happened.现在完成进行时 Have/has+been+动词ING形式1、强调动作在一段时间内反复发生。We have been seeingquite a lot of each other recently.最近我们常常见面。2、强调动作在长时间内持续不断。All these years theyhave been contributing articles to our magazine.这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿二、过去完成进行时 Had+been+动词ING形式 1、表示反复发生的事 He had been mentioning your name tome.他过去多次向

10、我提到过你的名字。2、表示持续不断的状况 She had been suffering from abad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。3、含有某种感情色彩 I had only been reading a fewminutes when he came in.我刚看了儿分钟他就进来三、将来完成进行时 表示动作一直持续到将来某个时间的 犬况。He will have been playing on the piano by thattime.他将一直弹钢琴到那个时间。时态、语态答题思路：(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到

11、题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。二、不定式1.不定式做主语(1)引导逻辑主语的介词:不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时，不定式的逻辑主语则由o f引导：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,hones

12、t,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrongo 如:Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person tostay healthy.Its clever of you to have invented such a device.(2)不定式做主语补足语:掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如：be said/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todo sth.2.不定式做宾语掌

13、握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,venture 如：Even though the children pretended to be asleep,the nurseswere not deceived when they came into the room.3.不定式做定语(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last,only,

14、not a,the,very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：the firstwoman to set foot on the moon第一个登上月球的女性(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：tendency to do-tend to do,decision to do一decide to doThis book is an attempt to help you use English and recognizehow it is used.(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：ambition to do 干.的

15、雄心”一be ambitious to do有雄心干”curiosity to do 对.的好奇心”一be curious to do对.好奇”ability to do 做的能力 一able to do“有能力做”According to Darwin,random changes that enhance a species)ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on tosucceeding generation.(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语,这些名词包括：way,method,reason

16、,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动)，effort 等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardlyhad time to catch the last bus.We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensivesolution to the existing problem.(5)不定代词 something,nothing,little,

17、much,a lot 习惯上用不定式做定语。如：Though we have made great progress,there is still much to beimproved.4.不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。(1)in order to(do),so as to(do)结构引导目的状语，so as to 不能置于句首。如：(2)so.as to,such.as to,enough.to,too.to 结构做程度状语。如：The solution works only for couples who are self-employed,dont have s

18、mall children and get along well enough to spendmost of their time together.The vocabulary and grammatical differences between Britishand American English are so trivial and few as hardly to benoticed.(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。常见的不定式动词有 find,hear,see,be told,form,give,make,produce 等

19、。如：Greatly agitated,I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,only to find it locked.(4)not/never too.to,too.not to,but/only too.to,tooready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义。如：I am only too pleased to hear from you further.能再听至U 你的消息，我太高兴了。三、动名词1 .必须接动名词做宾语的动词牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：acknowledge,advocate,ant

20、icipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate o 如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroadtwo years ago.2.动名词做介词短语考

21、生尤其要识别下列短语中的t。是介词，不是不定式符号：object to,resort to,react to,contribute to,look forward to,beaccustomed to,be committed to,be exposed to,be subjectedto,be devoted to,be dedicated to,be opposed to,bereconciled to,be contrary to,be(get)used to,come close to,get down to,give oneself up to,prefer.to,see to,se

22、t to,taketo,in addition to,with regard to,with a view to,on the way to。如：四、分词分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚：现在分词直接在动词的后面加上in g表示主动，表示动作在进行。过去分词构成:主 语+have/has+动词的过去 分 词(done)表不被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：Its easy to blame the decline of conv

23、ersation on the pace ofmodern life and on the vague changes taking place in ourever-increasing world.(相当于 the changes which take place.)There was a very interesting remark in a book by anEnglishman that I read recently giving what he thought was areason for this American characteristic.(相当于 which ga

24、ve.)How many of us attending,say,a meeting that is irrelevant tous would be interested in the discussion?(相当于 How many of us who will attend.)(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：Good news was sometimes released prematurely,with theBritish recapture of the port announced half a day before thedefenders actually su

25、rrendered.(相当于.recapture of the portwhich had been announced.)Just as the value of a telephone network increases with eachnew phone added to the system,so does the value of acomputer system increase with each program that turns out.(相当于.each new phone which is added to.)The author gave a detailed de

26、scription based on his personalobservation of nature.(相当于.description which was based on.)(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recently comeo 如：an escaped prisoner 一个逃犯 a retired worker

27、一位退休工人a faded curtain 一个褪了色的窗帘 a newly arrived student 一个新来的学生2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式一 般 式 doing 一般被动式being done完成式having done完成被动式having been done所有否定式都是在一ing I，面加not包括独、,主格形式(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：Having completed one task,we started on another one.（complete先于start之前发生）(2)表示原因，置

28、于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式,有时用一般式。如：He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,being considered insufficiently popular with all members.There seemed little hope that the explorer,having beendeserted in the tropical forest,would find his way through it.表小伊 弋，置于句尾，用分同的 一 如:Helen borrowed my di

29、ctionary the other day saying that shewould return it soon.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction,completely lost tothe outside world.(4)表 示 置 于 句 尾，用 分 词 的 一 如：The city founditself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioningon dozens of the new buses broke down,them unusable.(5

30、)表示置于句尾，用分词的o 如：Thearticle opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports,each making one major point in contrast with the other.Ford tried dividing the labor,each worker assigned a separatetask.3.分词的分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的个部分。如：All flights having been cancel

31、ed because of the snowstorm,wedecided to take the train.Darkness setting in,the young couple lingered onmerrymaking.五、非谓语动词的其他考点1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法mean to do想要（做某事）propose to d o打算（做某事）mean doing意味（做某事）propose doing建议（做某事）forget to do忘记（要做的事）remember to do记得（要做某事）forget doing忘记（已做的事）reme

32、mber doing记得（已做过的事）go on to do继而（做另一件事）stop to do停下来去做另一件事go on doing继续（做原来的事）stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do（对将要做的事）遗 憾regret doing（对已做过的事）后悔2.不定式的习惯用法句型：cannot help but docannot but docannot choose but do can do nothing but dohave no choice/altemative but to do上 述 句 型 的 意 思 接 近，即“不 得 不 做”、“不 禁 做”、“不

33、 由 自 主 地 做”、“不 能 不 做”、“只 能 做”。如：Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which heis taken by the science fiction.When I consider how talented he is as a painter,I cannot helpbut believe that the public will appreciate his gift.3.动名词的习惯用法句 型：be busy/active doing sth.havedifficulty/trouble/

34、problem doing sth.Its no good/use/picnic doing sth.have a good/great/wonderfultime doing sth.spend/waste time doing sth.There is no point/sense/harm/usedoing sth.cannot help doing sth.There is no doing sth.I know it isnt important but I cant help thinking about it.Alice was having trouble controllin

35、g the children because therewere so many of them.There is no use crying over spilt milk.4.there b e非谓语动词的用法做 时 取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：The students expected there to be more reviewing classesbefore the final exams.（expect 要求接不定式做宾语）做目的I，或,如寸用for there to b e,做其他状语用there beingo 如:For there to be successful co

36、mmunication,there must beattentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by allpresent.（for there to be.在句中做目的状语）It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight,so I can leaveJims car out quite safely.（for there to be在句中做程度状语）There being no further questions,well stop here today,（therebei

37、ng做原因状语）（3）|用 for there to be。如：It is unusual for there to be nolate comers today.(4)做除fo r外的介词宾语，用 there being。如:He would always ignore the fact of there being such acontradiction in his inner thought.六、虚拟语气1.主从句谓语动词的时态(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:与现在事实相反主 句 would/情态动词过去式(should could might)+do动词原形从 句 were(不分

38、人称)/did与过去事实相反主句would/情态动词过去式+have done从句 had done与将来事实相反主句would/情态动词过去式+do从句 should do/were to do如:If the doctor had been available,the child could not havedied.There is a real possibility that these animals could befrightened,should there be a sudden loud noise.(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错

39、综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：Had it not been for the timely investment from the generalpublic,our company would not be so thriving as it is.（主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反）Had Paul received six more votes in the last election,he wouldbe our chairman now.（主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反）（3）识别事实和假设混合句：Your math instructor would

40、have been happy to give you amake-up examination had you gone and explained that yourparents were ill at the time.（句子前半部分为假设情况，而 父母病了”是事实）I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at allpossible,but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.（前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实）2.名词性从句的虚拟形式名词性从句是指宾语从句

41、、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉:(1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,voteo 如：In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in thehome.I move that he be discharged f

42、or his serious mistake.(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时,that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,reques

43、ted,required,suggested0 如:The board deem it urgent that these files should be printedright away.It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance

44、,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding0 如：John Wagners most enduring contribution to the study ofAfro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in areligious,as well as worldly,frame of reference.They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that ourrepresentative be sent to the con

45、ference on schedule.3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉:连词but,but that(要不是，若 非),or,or else(否则,要不然)；副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potentialdanger.Unfortunately,it was never done.Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened

46、;otherwise hewouldnt have made such a stupid remark.(2)介词短语暗含假设条件,常用的有：without,but for,undermore favorable conditions 等。如:But for the English examination I would have gone to theconcert last Sunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann was/were+不定式完成 式(to have done)或 hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/w

47、ished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：I intended to have called onyou,but I was busy at that time.(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：I should have called tomake an airline reservation,but I didnt.4.常用虚拟形式的句型(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：would rather would as soon as though suppose.had rather would sooner as if supposing.If only.It is(h

48、igh)time that(从句中动词只用过去式)如:His wife would rather they didnt talk about the matter anymore.Id rather you went by train,because I cant bear the idea ofyour being in an airplane in such bad weather.If I were in a movie,then it would be about time that I buried myhead in my hands for a cry.My father alw

49、ays talks as though he were addressing a publicmeeting.(2)lf it were not for(与现在事实相反)If it had not been for(与过去事实相反)相当于but for。如：If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would nothave succeeded.(3)lfonly.谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：If only the committee would approve the regulations and putthem in

50、to effect as soon as possible.(4)lest/for fearthat/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injurehimself.whether.or有时谓语用b e的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,be they Christian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,and