大学英语毕业论文(全英文)-a-brief-introduction-to-englishchinese.doc
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1、ABriefIntroductiontoEnglish-Chinese【Abstract】WithChinassuccessfulentryintoWTO,someadultsarebeginningtoattachimportancetostudyingbusinessEnglishcontracts.ThepurposeofthispaperistoquestforEnglish-ChineseTranslationTechniquesofbusinesscontracts.【KeyWords】English-ChineseTranslationTechniques;BusinessCon
2、tracts;PassiveVoice;AdverbialClausesWithChinassuccessfulentryintoWTO(theWorldTradeOrganization),businessEnglishismorewidelyused.AbusinessEnglishcontractisaformalwrittenagreement,whichsetsforthrightsandobligationsofthepartiesconcerned.Onceenteredinto,acontractisbindingandenforceablebylaw.Anypartywhof
3、ailstofulfillhisobligationsmustmakecompensationfortheotherpartyslosses.Abusinesscontractisanindispensablepartforpeopletocarryoutinternationalbusinessactivities.ItisnecessarytomentionafewEnglish-Chinesetranslationtechniquesofbusinesscontracts.Whentranslating,bothgrammaticalandrhetoricalconsiderations
4、areinvolved.SinceChineseandEnglishbelongtotwodifferentlanguagefamiliesandpresentalotofdifferencesintheirgrammar,lexicon,discoursestructure,etc.,oneoftheproblemswecannotavoidwhiletranslatingishowtomaketheversionsoundassmoothandnaturalaspossible.TranslatingsentencesofbusinessEnglishContractsintoChines
5、eisfeasiblebutnotalwayseasy.Theyarecomprehensive,andoccasionallycomplex.Thefollowingtranslationtechniqueswillfocusonthepassivevoiceandtheadverbialclauses.1.TranslationTechniquesofPassiveVoiceVoiceisagrammaticalcategory.Itisaformoftheverb,whichshowswhetherthesubjectofasentenceactsorisactedon.Whenthes
6、ubjectistheagentordoerofanaction,theverbtakestheformofactivevoice;if,ontheotherhand,thesubjectistherecipientoftheaction,theverbtakestheformofpassivevoice.PassivevoiceiswidelyusedinEnglish,especiallyinformalinformativewriting,andscientificwritingandnewsreporting.InbusinessEnglishcontracts,passivevoic
7、eisfrequentlyused,too.Mosttransitiveverbscanappearintheirpassiveforms.ThepassivevoiceofEnglishtransitiveverbsisformedbytheauxiliarybe+-edparticiple.Asentence/clausewhosepredicator(predicateverb)ispassiveiscalledapassivesentence/clause.Onthecontrary,activevoiceisoftenusedintheChineseversion.1.1ThePas
8、siveVoiceConvertedintotheActiveVoiceSincepassivevoiceisusedmuchlessfrequentlyinChinesethaninEnglish,andpassivemeaningsareusuallyexpressedbyactiveconstructionsinChinese,wecanconvertthepassivevoiceinEnglishintotheactivevoiceinChinese.A)Whenbeingtranslated,onthewhole,thewordorderofapassiveclauseorasent
9、enceisnotalteredorischangedalittle,andthepositionofthesubjectoftheoriginalsentenceisnotchangedinthetargetlanguage.ThiskindoftranslationtechniqueisoftenemployedinthetranslationofbusinessEnglishcontracts.Afewexamplesarelistedbelow:a)Alltheactivitiesshallbegovernedbythelawsofthecountriesconcerned.一切活动均
10、应遵守有关国家的法律。b)Alldisputesarisingoutoftheperformanceof,orrelatingtothisContract,shallbesettledamicablythroughnegotiation.凡因执行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关的一切争议,双方应通过友好协商解决。B)Whetherornotaby-phraseisusedinapassivesentenceisdeterminedbyanumberoffactors.Generallyspeaking,aby-phraseisindispensablewhenadraftsmanwantstost
11、resstheagentorthedoeroftheaction.Inthiscase,wemayconvertthedoeroftheactionofaby-phraseintothesubjectofaclauseorsentenceinthetargetlanguage.AllthepaymentsshallbemadeintheU.S.CurrencybytheBuyertotheSellerbytelegraphictransfertotheSellersdesignatedaccountwiththeBankofChina,Beijing,China.买方应以美元支付卖方货款,并以
12、电汇的方式汇至卖方指定的中国银行北京分行的帐户。C)Whentranslatingapassiveclauseorsentence,atwhilesoneneedreadjustthesentenceelements.Ifanadverbialclauseofconditiondoesnotindicatethedoeroftheaction,wemayconvertthisclauseinthepassivestructureintoasubjectlessclause.Thesubjectoftheoriginalclauseisconvertedintotheobjectofthetar
13、getsentence.Forinstance:Ifaforeignauditorregisteredinothercountryisnecessarytobeemployedtoundertakeannualfinancialcheckingandexamination,PartyAshallgiveitsconsent.AlltheexpensesthereofshallbebornebyPartyB.如果需要聘请其他国家的审计师对年度的财务进行审查,甲方应予以同意。其所需费用乙方负担。Iftheadverbialandthesubjectofasentenceinthepassivevo
14、icehaveinclusiverelationship,wemayconverttheadverbialoftheoriginalsentenceintothesubjectofthetargetsentencesoastomakethetranslationclearandcoherent.Forexample:a) Theestablishment,remunerationandtheexpensesofthestaffofthepreparationandconstructionoffice,whenagreedbybothparties,shallbecoveredintheproj
15、ectbudget.经甲乙双方同意后,工程预算应包括筹建工厂人员的编制、报酬及费用。b)TheconditionsforestablishmentoftheJointVentureCompanyandthetotalamountofinvestmentandregisteredcapitalarestipulatedinthisContract.本合同规定了设立合资公司的条件以及投资总额与注册资本。D) InbusinessEnglishContracts,thereisaspecialpassivepattern,thatis,“Itis+pastparticiple+thatclause”
16、whichhasbasicallyformedacomparativelyfixedtranslationversion.a)ItisagreedthatPartyAshallhavenoobligationtopayfortheinsurancepremium.双方同意,甲方不负担保险费。b) ItisessentiallystressedthattheBuyersarerequestedtosignandreturntheduplicateofthisContractwithin3daysfromthedateofreceipt.Intheeventoffailuretodothis,th
17、eSellersreservetherighttocanceltheContract.必须强调:买方应于收到本合同之日起3天内签字并退还合同的副本,如买方不这样做,卖方保留取消合同的权利。1.2ThePassiveStructureRemainingUnchangedNotallpassivevoiceinEnglishisconvertedintoactivevoiceinChinese.Sometimes,anEnglishpassivevoicemaykeepitspassivestructureintheChineseversion.InChinese,passivevoiceisma
18、inlyconveyedthroughtheuseofwordslike由,被,把,给,将.Thefollowingexamplesaretranslatedinthisway.a)ThetermforthetechnologytransferagreementissignedbyPartyAandtheSolelyForeign-ownedEnterprise,anditshallbeapprovedbytheapprovalauthority.技术转让协议的期限由甲方与独资企业签订并经审批机关批准。b) Ifothercoverageoranadditionalamountisrequir
19、ed,theBuyersmusthavetheconsentoftheSellersbeforeshipment,andtheadditionalpremiumistobebornebytheBuyers.如买方欲增加其他险别或超过上述保额时须于装船前征得卖方同意,所增加的保险费由买方负担。2.TranslationTechniquesofAdverbialClausesInbusinessEnglishcontracts,adverbialclausesarefrequentlyapplied.AdverbialclausescanTherearetwokindsofadverbialcla
20、uses,whichoftenappearinbusinessEnglishcontracts,i.e.adverbialclausesoftimeandadverbialclausesofcondition.2.1Adverbialclausesoftimeareintroducedbywhen,while,as,before,after,until,etccanbedescribedintermsof“sametime”,“earliertime”,and“latertime.”Theadverbialclausesoftimeintroducedbywhen,beforeandafter
21、arewidelyusedinbusinessEnglishcontracts.ThefollowingwillconcentrateonhowtotranslatethemintoChinese.a)InChinese,“when”isusuallyintroducedby当时候,etc.Sometimes,anadverbialclauseintroducedby“when”canberegardedastheclauseofconditionalmeaning,whichcanbetranslatedintoChineseadverbialclausesofcondition.InChi
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