历年考研英语真题详解.pdf

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1、1993年阅读真题及解析Reading Practice 193 年 Passage 1Is language,like food,a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life canbe starved and damaged?Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenthcentury,it may be.Hoping to discover what language a child would spea

2、k if he heard no mothertongue,he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year.But clearly there was more than lack of language here.What was missing was good mothering.Without good mothering,in the first year of life especially,the capacity to survive is seriously affect

3、ed.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick.Nevertheless,some children arestill backward in speaking.Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to thesignals of the infant,whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.If these sensitiveperiods are neg

4、lected,the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned soeasily again.A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time,but the process is slow andhard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a c

5、onstant age,butthere are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ.At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds;at twelve months he can speaksimple words and understand simple commands;at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of threeto fifty

6、 words.At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences,and at fourhis language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak.What is special aboutmans brain,compared with that of the monkey

7、,is the complex system which enables a child toconnect the sight and fieel of,say,a toy-bear with the sound pattern toy-bear.And even moreincredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of soundaround him,to analyze,to combine and recombine the parts of a lan

8、guage in new ways.But speech has to be induced,and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child,where the mother recognizes the signals in the child,s babbling（咿呀学语）,grasping and smiling,and responds to them.Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because t

9、hechild gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals.Sensitivity to the childs non-verbalsignals is essential to the growth and development of language.21.The purpose of Frederick IPs experiment wasA to prove that children are born with the ability to speakB to discover what language a ch

10、ild would speak without hearing any human speech|C to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speakD to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language22.The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably thatA they are incapable of learni

11、ng language rapidlyB they are exposed to too much language at onceC their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speakD their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them23.What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is thatA he is born with the capacity to speakB he has a brain mor

12、e complex than an animalsC he can produce his own sentencesD he owes his speech ability to good nursing24.Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?A The faculty of speech is inborn in man.B Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.C The childs brain

13、is highly selective.D Most children learn their language in definite stages.25.If a child starts to speak later than others,he willA have a high IQ（Bl be less intelligentC be insensitive to verbal signals D not necessarily be backwardPassage 1 长难句精解1.What is special about mans brain,compared with th

14、at of the monkey,is the complex systemwhich enables a child to connect the sight and feel of,say,a toy-bear with the sound patternntoy-bearn.结构分析：整个句子的主语是What is special about mans brain引导的是个主语从句，compared withthat of the monkeys是个插入结构，单独处理，谓语是i s,表语是the complex system,后面是 which引导的定语从句，从句的谓语是动词短语enab

15、le（使）to（能够去），feel是个名词和前面的名词sight并列做connect的宾语。“say,”这个词语表示举例说明，相当于for example的意思。后面又用了 一个动词短语connect A with B（把 A 和 B 联系起来）。核心词汇：compared with（与.相比）；that做代词，指代前面的单数名词brain；enable.to.；connect.with；参考译文：与猴子的大脑相比，人脑的特殊之处在于这是一个复杂的系统，这个系统能够使孩子把看到和感受到的东西联系起来，比如说把一个玩具熊和“玩具熊”这个词的发音联系起来。2.But speech has to b

16、e induced,and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child,where the mother recognizes the signals in the childs babbling（咿呀学语）,grasping and smiling,and responds to them结构分析：整个句子是由and连接的两个并列句子。第一个句子But speech has to be induced很简单。第二个句子是由and连接的句子，其后面比较复杂,主谓是this depends on,宾 瞟 interac

17、tion,后面跟了 between the mother and the child做其后置定语。Where引导的定语从句修饰前面的名词短语的核心名词interaction,相当于in which的意思，定语从句里的主语是the mother,谓语是两个并列的动词 recognizes 和 responds to them,中间的 babbling,grasping and smiling 是三个并列的动名词，做介词短语in the childs的宾语，但整个介词短语又做signals的后置定语。核心词汇：induce（诱导）；depend on（取决于）；respond to（对.做出反应）

18、参考译文：但是说话需要得到诱导，而这取决于母亲与孩子之间的交流，在这种交流中，母亲要能辨认出她的孩子咿呀学语、抓握和微笑的信号，并且对这些信号做出反应。答案解析21.依据第一段最后一句话，得出 B 是正确答案。22.依据第三段第二句的意思，确定 C 是正确答案。23.依据第五段第三句，确定 C 是正确答案。原文中的even more incredible和题干中的exceptionallyremarkable是同义替换。24.正确答案是 B,从第五段的第一句可以得出 A,从第五段的第二，第三句可以推断出 C,尤其是是短文中 有 pick out和 selective近义。从第四段第一句的前一个

19、分句可以推断出 D,而且其中fixed 一词与考题中的 definite近义。25.从第四段第一句中的but可以推断出 D 是正确答案。全文参考译文就像食物一样，语言也会是人类的基本需求吗？在生命的关键时期，孩子如果没有语言就会饿死或者受到损害？从 13世纪弗雷德雷克二世所作的那个强有力的实验来判断，这是有可能的。他当时希望能够发现孩子在没有听到任何母语的情况下，会说什么语言，因此他嘱咐护士们都保持沉默。所有参加试验的婴儿在第一年都死了。然而，显而易见，除了缺少语言之外还有更多的原因，那就是缺少良好的母亲抚养。如果没有母亲的照料，初始的生命特别是在第一年的生存能力将受到严重影响。现在，已经不存

20、在弗雷德雷克所人为制造的的那种严重的语言缺乏的情况了。尽管如此，一些孩子在语言表达能力方面的发展仍然滞后。通常，发生这种情况的原因是因为孩子的母亲对婴儿发出的信号不够敏感、，而婴儿的大脑天生在这个时候能够很快地学习语言。如果这些敏感期被忽略掉，那么获得语言技能的理想时间就错过了，而这些技能可能再也无法如此容易地学会。鸟儿在合适的时期学会唱歌和飞翔，但是一旦这些关键时期过去之后，这种学习进程就会变得缓慢和艰难。专家们指出，人类语言的阶段往往是通过一个固定的顺序和一个恒定的年龄来达到的，但却存在有一-些特例，有些孩子掌握语言能力的时期较晚，但最后却变成了高智商的人。婴儿在 12周的时候就会微笑和发

21、出像元音样的声音；12个月大时他就能说些简单的单词和理解一些简单的要求。8 个月大的孩子的词汇量就会达到3 至 50个词语。3 岁的孩子就能够掌握 约 1000个词并且能够用这些词语组成句子，4 岁大的孩子的语言和父母在语法上基本没有差别，而只是他们的语言风格不一样。近来的证据表明，婴儿天生就有说话能力。与猴子的大脑相比，人脑的特殊之处在于人脑一个复杂的系统，能够使孩子把看到和感受到的东西联系起来，比如说，把一个玩具熊和“玩具熊”这个词的发音联系起来。更加难以置信的是，婴儿的大脑能够从他听到的周围各种声音中找到语言的顺序，并对其进行分析，从而把这种语言以新的方式进行组合和重新组合。但是说话需要

22、诱导，这又取决于母亲与孩子之间的交流，在这种交流中母亲要能辨认出她孩子咿呀学语、抓握和微笑中所传递的信号，并且对这些信号做出反应。如果母亲对这些信号不敏感，那么母婴交流就会变得无趣，因为孩子得不到鼓励，就只会发出一些明显的信号。对孩子非语言信号的敏感度对语言的发展至关重要。Passage 2In general,our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic（官僚主义的）management in which man becomes a small,well-oiled cog in the

23、 machinery.The oiling isdone with higher wages,well-ventilated factories and piped music,and by psychologists and“human-relations”experts;yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless,that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it.In

24、fact,theblue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune ofautomated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious,not only because they might find themselves out of a job;they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real

25、 satisfaction or interest in life.They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence asemotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no less empty than thoseof

26、 their subordinates.They are even more insecure in some respects.They are in a highlycompetitive race.To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matterof self-respect.When they apply for their first job,they are tested for intelligence as well as for thetight mixture

27、of submissiveness and independence.From that moment on they are tested again andagain-by the psychologists,for whom testing is a big business,and by their superiors,who judgetheir behavior,sociability,capacity to get along,etc.This constant need to prove that one is asgood as or better than ones fel

28、low-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress,the very causesof unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or tonineteenth-century free enterprise capitalism?Certainly not.Problems are never solved byreturning to a stage which one has

29、already outgrown.I suggest transforming our social systemfrom a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption areends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of hispotentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aims of al

30、l social arrangements.Productionand consumption should serve only as means to this end,and should be prevented from rulingman.26.By a well-oiled cog in the machinery the author intends to render the idea that manisA a necessary part of the society though each individuafs function is negligibleB work

31、ing in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society,though functioning smoothly|D a humble component of the society,especially when working smoothly27.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is thatA they are likely

32、to lose their jobsB they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in lifeC they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence|D they are deprived of their individuality and independence28.From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to thoseA who are at the bottom

33、of the societyB who are higher up in their social statusC who prove better than their fellow-competitors|D who could keep far away from this competitive world29.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we shouldAJ resort to the production mode of our ancestorsBJ offer higher wag

34、es to the workers and employeesC enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD take the fundamental realities for granted30.The authors attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one ofA approval B dissatisfaction C suspicion D tolerancePassage 2 长难句精解3.The oiling is done with high

35、er wages,well-ventilated factories and piped music,and bypsychologists and Mhuman-relations experts;yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man hasbecome powerless,that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is boredwith it.结构分析：本句分为两个部分，以分号隔开，英语里的分号相当于汉语的句号。第一个分句的主语

36、是the oiling这个动名词，谓语是is d o n e,后面接了两个并列的介词with和 by做状语，起到补充说明的作用。第二个句子是用yet引导的让步状语从句，主语是all this oiling,谓语是does not a lte r,宾语是the fa c t,其后接了三个用that引导的并列同位语从句。核心词汇：participate in 参加/参与；be bored with（对.感到厌烦）参考译文：小齿轮的润滑是通过高薪、通风良好的厂房、管乐及心理学家和人际关系专家来进行的。然而，这种润滑并未改变这样一个事实，即人已变得无能为力，不再全心全意投入工作，并对工作感到厌烦。4.

37、I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism inwhich maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialismin which man and full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aimsof all social arrangem

38、ents.结构分析：这个句子的主谓很简单，是【suggest,宾语是动名词transforming our social system,后面又接了固定短语from（从）into（成为），因此主体句式可以理解为：I suggest transforming outsocial system from.into.o 介词 from 后面接了一个名词 industrialism 做宾语，其后又接了in which引导的定语从句,在定语从句里，maximal production and consumption做主语，介词 into后面接了 a humanist industrialism做其宾语，i

39、n which引导的是个定语从句，在这个定语从句里，man and full development of his potentialities做主语，其后用了一个插入成分，做补充说明。在这个插入结构里用了一个代词those,指代前面出现的名词potentialities。核心词汇：bureaucratically managed属于“副词+过去分词”，构成一个复合形容词，可以作前置定语，修饰后面的名词，比 如 well informed man（消息灵通的人）；constantly applied efforts（不断做出的努力）；ends（目的），常 和 to 连用，to the end

40、of（为了），to this end（为了这个目的）;humanist（人文主义者）；参考译文：我建议把我们的社会制度从一个本身以最大限度生产和消费为目的的官僚主义管理工业体制变成一个充分发挥人的潜能一一如爱和理性的潜能为目的的人道主义工业体制。答案解析26.第一段中说到人已成为 a small,well-oiled cog in the machine.powerless.economicpuppets等关键词语，所以 C 是正确答案。27.第二段第一句话的得二个分句和第二句，以及第三段中的第六句的the right mixture ofsubmissiveness and independ

41、ence 等是选 D 的依据。28.第三段最后一句是选 D 的依据。29.第四段第四句I suggest transforminginto中的into后面的部分是选 C 的依据。30.全文的中心思想是作者对官僚主义管理下的当今社会不给人以独立性和个性发展的机会表示不满。参考译文一般说来，我们的社会正在变成一个由官僚主义管理方式来统治的大企业。在这一企业中，人成了机器中润滑良好的小齿轮。小齿轮的润滑是通过高薪、通风良好的厂房、管乐及心理学家和人际关系专家来进行的。然而，这种润滑并未改变这样一个事实，即人已变得无能为力，不再全心全意投入工作，并对工作感到厌烦。事实上，蓝领和白领工人已经成了伴随自动

42、化机器和官僚主义管理方式的节奏而翩翩起舞的经济玩偶。工人与雇员心情焦虑，这不仅仅是因为他们可能失业，而且因为他们不能在生活中获得真正的满足和兴趣。作为情感上与智力上独立的、具有创造性的人，他们一生没有去面对人类生存中的一些根本现实。那些位于高层社会的人们也同样地忧虑。他们的生活同其下属一样空虚。在某些方面，他们更觉得不安全，因为他们就像在参加一场竞争激烈的比赛。提拔或落伍不是薪水的问题，而更多的是一个人的自尊问题。他们申请第一份工作时，不仅会受到智力测验，而且也会接受综合考察其顺从性和独立性的严格测验。自那时起，他们就不断受到心理学家和上司的测验。对心理学家而言，测验是他们的生财之道。上司则通

43、过测验用来判断下属的行为、社交能力及与人交往的能力等。这种不断要去证明自己与竞争对手一样优秀或者比对手更优秀的需使他们不断地产生忧虑和压力，而这正是痛苦和疾病的起因。我是否在建议我们应回到工业化前的生产模式或回到十九世纪“自由企业”资本主义时期呢？当然不是。回到人们已经过去的时代从来不能解决问题。我建议把我们的社会制度从一个以最大限度生产和消费为目的的官僚主义管理工业体制变成一个充分发挥人的潜能如爱和理性的潜能为目的的人道主义工业体制。生产和消费只能作为达到这一目的的手段，而且要防止它们来控制人类。Passage 3When an invention is made,the inventor

44、has three possible courses of action open to him:he cangive the invention to the world by publishing it,keep the idea secret,or patent it.A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state,by which theinventor gets a limited period of monopoly（垄断）and publishes full

45、details of his invention to thepublic after that period terminates.Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter thisnormal process of events.The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi;his 1939 patent for color TVreceiver circuitry was extend

46、ed until 1971 because for most of the patents normal life there wasno color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated,the shelves of the libraryattached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of

47、ideas that are free for anyone touse and,if older than half a century,sometimes even re-patent.Indeed,patent experts often adviseanyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sureway of avoiding violation of any other inventor,s right is to plagiarize

48、 a dead patent.Likewise,because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on thatidea,it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print.Much modem technologicaladvance is based on these presumptions of legal security.Anyone closely involved in pa

49、tents and inventions soon learns that most new1 ideas are,in fact,as old as the hills.It is their reduction to commercial practice,either through necessity ordedication,or through the availability of new technology,that makes news and money.The basicpatent for the theory of magnetic recording dates

50、back to 1886.Many of the original ideas behindtelevision originate from the late 19th and early 20th century.Even the Volkswagen rear engine carwas anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.31.The passage is mainly about.A an approach to patentsB the application fbr patentsC