英语四级阅读笔记.pdf

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1、英语四级阅读学习笔记按照内容分为两类：一、文科文章一两点注意：1.文章态度2.抓住文章主题 1）把握主题后不会偏差理解2）与主题相关的选项为优选选项二、理科文章1.试验型（StudyExperimentResearchTest）2.科技成果型（e.g.Artificial Heart）3.现象解释型按照体裁分为三类：一、说 明 文1.抓住说明对象 2.重要数据事实二、议论文 属于文科类文章三、记叙文阅读中难点句型：一、多重复合句-关键抓住主句主干成分二、多重并列句一两个主句并列在一起，而非主句从句嵌套在一起三、强调句-被强调部分为主语、宾语、状 语It is that.四、被动句-基本结构 A

2、 is done by B五、倒装句一-否定词 hardly,rarely,seldom,never,not until,not only 引起句子倒装六、省略句一e.g.He is a good man,so am I.建议采用的阅读方法：一、扫描题干，大致了解题目类型及分布，将其中细节题题干关键词划出。二、速读原文，遇到题干关键词或其同义词时做适当标记；关注考试原则句。考试原则句：重要句（各段首句，文章末句，结论、解释句），转折句，条件句，因果关系句，复合句等难句（多重复合、多重并列、强调句、倒装句），时间，数字，人名，比较。三、定位答案，正确选项为文章对应语句的同义改写。题型攻略：一、主

3、题题（main idea/mainly/mainly discuss/mainly concerned/central/primary）两种变体：1.写作目的题型 purpose of writing2.文章标题题型 the best title做题方法：1 .找主题句2.找主体词（通常在文章中出现频率较高，往往会在第一段出现，且带有概括性的词语）二、细 节 题 类 型：1.对错题2.例 证 题3.一般细节题做题方法：准确定位三、词汇题类型：1.指代题2.词义题做题方法：1.根据上下文关系2.构词法（词根词缀）st（位置不变）：stay-stand-stationary-street-star

4、-statue-statuspose（放置）：position-expose（ex 向夕 卜：exit-export）propose（pro 向前）suppose（sup/sub 在下面：subway-submarine）depose(de 否定)deposit(de 向下)interpose(inter:internet,international)背单词方法1.词根词缀 2.阅读记忆3.联想记忆 如：handsome(其中：h 很，s 帅，m 嘛f英俊的)morose(m o 没有，rose玫瑰f郁闷的)ancillary(an+ciliary 希拉里一辅助的)四、推理题(infer-im

5、ply-suggest-indicate-conclude)正确答案特点：文章对应内容的同义改写五、作者态度题(attitude-be seen as)做题方法：1 .找作者直接评价语句2.找表达感情色彩的形容词、动词、副词Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:21.The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mai nl y.A)for oceanographic studiesB)for military purposesC)for business co

6、nsiderationsD)for investigating the depths of the oceans22.It was that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.A)the American NavyB)some early intercontinental travellersC)those who earned a living from the seaD)the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable23.The aim of voyages Maury enc

7、ouraged in the 1840s was.A)to make some sound experiments in the oceansB)to collect samples of sea plants and animalsC)to estimate the length of cable that was to be madeD)to measure the depths of two oceans24.Defied in the 5th paragraph probably meansA)doubted B)gave proof toC)challenged D)agreed t

8、o25.This passage is mainly aboutA)the beginnings of oceanographyB)the laying of the first undersea cableC)the investigation of ocean depthsD)the early intercontinental communicationsQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Oceanography has been defined as The application of all sciences

9、 to the study of thesea.注：1 .Oceanography由 Ocean(海洋)和graphy(学科)组成，意为“海洋学2.application表示 申请 用介词for,表示 应用 用介词to3.第一句给某个东西下定义，称为篇章定义，必为文章主题Before the nineteenth century,scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between.Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writ

10、ings,but he was reluctant(不愿意)lo go to sea to further his work.注：1.第二段：在十九世纪之前，对海洋感兴趣的科学家很少，可以推断本文根据时间顺序来描述海洋学发展的过程2.further 跟 在to 后面是个动词，表示“推进”For most people the sea was remote,and with the exception of early intercontinentaltravelers or others who earned a living from the sea,there was little rea

11、son to ask many questionsabout it,let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.The first time that the question What is atthe bottom of the oceans?1 had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when thelaying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.The engineers had to kn

12、owthe depth profile（起伏形状）of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to bemanufactured.注：1.remote遥远的2.and w M 多重复合句3.intercontinental 洲 际 的（Inter 在之间，continent 大洲）4.let alone更不用说.5.first time 由不感兴趣转折到感兴趣，谓语是was6.第二 句th a t引导同位语从句，w h e n引导表语从句，整句意思为“当有人基于商业目的建议在美国和欧洲之间铺设电报电缆的时候，人们才提出问题：海底是

13、什么？”7.route路线 router路由器It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned,in 1853,forinformation on this matter.In the 1840s,Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyagesduring which soundings（测深）were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic andPacific Oceans

14、.Later,some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book ThePhysical Geography of the Sea.注：1.it w as.that.强调句型2.turn to sb.for sth.向某人请教某事3.出现问题中划线词：Maury,1840s3.investigate 调查，测量The cable was laid,but not until 1866 was the cornisction made Durmanent and reliable.At theearly attempts,

15、the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered inliving growths,a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that therewas no life in the deeper parts of the sea.注：1.not until引导的句子要倒装2.living growth 生物3.a fact 作同位语4.contemporary 当代的5.defy前后意思相反，可以推出2 4题答案为C2

16、4.Defied in the 5th paragraph probably meansA）doubted B）gave proof toC）challenged1 D）agreed to注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段Within a few years oceanoeraphy was under way.In 1872 Thomson led a scientificexpedition（考察）,which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from thesea.Their classification a

17、nd analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report,the last volume being published in 1895.注：oceanography最末一段与第一段首句都出现oceanagraphy,回环结构。21.The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built ma i nl y.A)for oceanographic studiesB)for military purposesC)for business consider

18、ationsD)for investigating the depths of the oceans注：推理题。定位第三段,倒数第三行。选 项 D 的内容出现在第四段，为窜段选项For most people the sea was remote,and with the exception of early intercontinentaltravelers or others who earned a living from the sea,there was little reason to ask many questionsabout it,let alone to ask what

19、 lay beneath the surface.The first time that the question What is atthe bottom of the oceans?had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when thelaying of a telecraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.The engineers had to knowthe depth profile(起伏形状)of the route to estimate the len

20、gth of cable that had to bemanufactured.22.It was that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.A)the American NavyB)some early intercontinental travellersC)those who earned a living from the seaD)the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable注：细节题。定位第四段，选 项 B 和 C 是窜段选项It was to Maury of t

21、he US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned,in 1853,forinformation on this matter.In the 1840s,Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyagesduring which soundings(测深)were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic andPacific Oceans.Later,some of his findings aroused much po

22、pular interest in his book ThePhysical Geography of the Sea,23.The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was.A)to make some sound experiments in the oceansB)to collect samples of sea plants and animalsC)to estimate the length of cable that was to be madeD)to measure the depths of two oceans注：

23、1.细节题。定位第四段，第二行。2.B 和 C 是窜段选项，A 选项中的sound和文章中的sounding含义不同。It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned,in 1853,forinformation on this matter.In the 1840s,Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyagesduring which soundings(测深)were taken to investigate the depths of

24、the North Atlantic andPacific Oceans.Later,some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book ThePhysical Geography of the Sea.24.Defied in the 5th paragraph probably meansA)doubted1 B)gave proof toC)Challenged D)agreed to注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段,defy 前后意思相反，可以推出2 4 题答案为C25.This passage is mainly a

25、boutA)the beginnings of oceanographyB)the laying of the first undersea cableC)the investigation of ocean depthsD)the early intercontinental communications注：主题题。主题关键词为oceanographyQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.1.What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably a

26、 b o u t.A)relationships between causes and resultsB)classification of reasoningC)some other common types of reasoningD)some special type of reasoning2.According to the passage,to do the effect to effect reasoning is to reason.A)from cause to effectB)from effect to causeC)from effect to effect and o

27、n to causeD)from effect to cause and on to another effect3.A necessary cause i s.A)one without which it is impossible for the effect to occurB)one of the causes that can produce the effectC)one that is enough to make the effect occurD)none of them4.Your refrigerator is not working and you have found

28、 that the electric power has been cutoff.The power failure is a.A)necessary cause B)sufficient causeC)contributory cause D)none of them5.This passage mainlv d is c u s s e s.A)causal reasoning B)classification of causeC)various types of reasoning D)the causal processQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the

29、 following passage.Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results.We want toknow whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer,what cause malnutrition(营养不良),the decay of cities,or the decay of teeth.We are equally interested in effects:what isthe effect of sulphur or lead in

30、the atmosphere,of oil spills and raw sewage(污水、污物)in rivers and the sea,of staying up late on the night before anexamination?注：1.reasoning 推理2.第一句Another下结论，是主题句3.第二、三句 We want to.an examination?是举例，可以略读4.malnutrition 中mal”是表示 不好”的前缀；overnutrition 营养过剩Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or

31、from effect to cause.Either way,wereason from what we know to what we want to find out.Sometimes we reason from aneffect to a cause and then on to another effect.Thus,if we reason that because the lightshave gone out,the refrigerator wont work we first relate the effect(lights out)to the cause(power

32、 off)and then relate that cause to another effect.This kind of reasoning is called,for short,effect to effect.It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain ofcausal relations.When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain:lights out-power off-refrigerator not working-

33、temperature will rise-milk will sour.In otherwords,we diagnose(判定)a succession of effects from the power failure,eachbecoming the cause of the next.注：1.causal原因的，因果关系的2.三种推理方式：从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另一个结果，第三种更重要3.extensive 广泛的，来自 extend 延伸 extensive reading 泛读4.I n other words 换而言之 a succession of 一系

34、歹U5.本段讲关系链Causes are classified as necessary,sufficient,or contributory（起辅助作用的）.Anecessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur,as combustion（燃烧），is necessary to drive a gasoline engine.A sufficient cause is one which can producean effect unaided（独 自 的）,though there may be more

35、 than one sufficient cause:a deadbattery is enough to keep a car from starting,but faulty spark plugs（火花塞）or an emptygas tank will have the same effect.A contributory cause is one which helps to producean effect but cannot do so by itself,as running through a red light may help cause anaccident,thou

36、gh other factors pedestrians（彳亍人）or other cars in theintersection-must also be present.注：intersection 交叉路口 inter+sectionIn establishing or refuting（驳斥，反斥）a causal relation it is usually necessary to showthe process by which the alleged（所宣称的，所指称的）cause produces the effect.Suchan explanation is called

37、 a causal process.注：在证实或驳斥因果关系需要把推理过程显示出来，如灯灭了，牛奶变酸：灯灭了-停电-冰箱不工作-温度上升-牛奶变酸1.What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably a b o u t.A）relationships between causes and resultsB）classification of reasoningC）some other common types of reasoningD）some special type of reasoning注：文章之前

38、的段落内容=首句+结构提示词，one-theother/some-anotherAnother common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results.Wewant to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer,what cause malnutrition（营养不良）,the decay of cities,or the decay of teeth.We are equally interested in effects:what is the effect

39、of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere,of oil spills and raw sewage（污水、污物）in rivers and the sea,of staying up late on the night before an examination?2.According to the passage,to do the effect to effect reasoning is to reasonA）from cause to effectB）from effect to causeC）from effect to effect and on t

40、o causeD）from effect to cause and on to another effect3.A necessary cause is.A）one without which it is impossible for the effect to occurB）one of the causes that can produce the effectC）one that is enough to make the effect occurD）none of them注：第三段，A选项是必须在场的相同意思的改写。B选项是原因之一，sufficient cause,C选项没有 必须

41、 含义。Causes are classified as necessary,sufficient,or contributory（起辅助作用的）.Anecessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur,as combustion（燃烧），is necessary to drive a gasoline engine.A sufficient cause is one which can producean effect unaided（独 自 的），though there may be more than

42、one sufficient cause:a deadbattery is enough to keep a car from starting,but faulty spark plugs 花塞）or an emptygas tank will have the same effect.A contributory cause is one which helps to producean effect but cannot do so by itself,as running through a red light may help cause anaccident,though othe

43、r factors pedestrians（行 人 ）or other cars in theintersection-must also be present.4.Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cutoff.The power failure is a.A）necessary cause B）sufficient causeC）contributory cause D）none of them注：断电不是冰箱不工作的必要原因，而是原因之一，冰箱坏了也可以

44、导致冰箱不工作。Causes are classified as necessary,sufficient,or contributory（起辅助作用的）.Anecessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur,as combustion（燃烧），is necessary to drive a gasoline engine.A sufficient cause is one which canproduce an effect unaided（独 自 的）,though there may be more t

45、han one sufficientcause:a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting,but faulty spark plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect.A contributory cause is one whichhelps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself,as running through a red light mayhelp cause an accident,thoug

46、h other factors pedestrians（行人）or other cars in theintersection-must also be present.5.This passage mainly d is c u s s e s.A）causal reasoning B）classification of causeC）various types of reasoningD）the causal process注：主题题。文中只提到因果关系推理的几种操作方法Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes an

47、d results.Wewant to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer,what cause malnutrition（营养不良）,the decay of cities,or the decay of teeth.We are equally interested in effects:what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere,of oil spills and raw sewage（污水、污物）in rivers and the sea,of sta

48、ying up late on the night before an examination?Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:6.The authors purpose writing this passage is to t el l.A）readers how to be popular in with aroundB）teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselvesC）parents how to control and guide their chi

49、ldrenD）people how to understand and respect each other7.According to the author,many teen-agers think they are brave enough to act on theirown,but,in fact,most of t h e m.A）have much difficulty understanding each otherB）lack confidenceC）dare not cope with problems single-handedD）are very much afraid

50、 of getting lost8.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A)There is no popularity that really counts.B)What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their ownpaths.C)It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.D