阅读理解（解析版）-备战2015年高考英语二轮复习资料.pdf

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1、【2014考纲解读】分析近几年高考试题，可以发现阅读理解题呈现如下特点：1.话题新颖，题材、体裁多样材料大多为时文，与社会日常生活息息相关，呈现出高度的生活化和多样化。选材真实，内容丰富，具有浓厚的时代气息，如环境保护、科技动向、人与自然等。这种关注实际生活的选材特点已呈现出明显的增强趋势。题材多样，信息丰富，包括日常生活、科普、社会、文化、政治、经济、新闻、史地、人物传记等等，体现了很好的传承性；体裁以记叙文和说明文为主，对说明文的考查呈现越来越重要的趋势。2.阅读量、信息量大考查阅读能力的一个重要方面是阅读速度，较大的阅读量、信息量对考生的阅读技能是一种有效的检测方法。近儿年高考试题都保持

2、了较大的词汇量，所涉及的内容广泛而深刻，对于词汇能力的考查也继续保持了较高的要求，为考生提供了施展阅读才能的机会和开阔的思维空间。3.语篇结构复杂阅读材料基本保留了其原有的语言风格，语篇结构也有一定难度。作者在阐述问题时都使用多种技巧和修辞方法，文章的展开不全是平铺直叙，而是间有倒叙、插叙等多种方式。行文的跳跃程度较大，陈述次序富于变化，隐含信息较多，再加上阅读材料的文化含量加大，文章的遣词造句趋于地道，因此，许多文段读起来感到“生涩”，有时读懂了文字，但 不 定能够立刻领悟语篇的意思，常常要反复阅读几次才能读懂。4.语言难度较大具体表现在语句的长度、措辞的灵活性、一定量的生词量以及替代和省略

3、手法的运用上。简单句、复合句、虚拟语气、结构复杂的长句、倒装句、省略句以及插入语等语言现象随处可见，而且多种时态混用。词汇运用要求更高，活用词比比皆是，一词多义、熟词生义现象更是频繁出现。要求考生掌握的词汇量一直在增加，2014年比2013年增加了 100个新词，其中大多数是与网络和考生生活相关的词汇，进一步体现出引导考生关注现实生活的命题趋势。【重点知识梳理】I.阅读理解题策略一、先看题干，带着问题读文章。即先看试题，再读文章。阅读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将

4、相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。例 1、（2012.全国卷n,A）Cold weather can be hard on pets,just like it can be hard on people.Sometimes ownersforget that their pets are just as used to the warm shelter（住所）as they are.Some owners willleave their animals outside for a long period of time,thinking that all

5、animals are used to livingoutdoors.This can put their pets in danger of serious illness.There are things you can do to keepyour animal warm and safe.41.What do we learn about pets from Paragraph 1?A.They are often forgotten by their owners.B.They are used to living outdoors.C.They build their own sh

6、elters.D.They like to stay in warm places.答案：D 推理判断题。第一告诉我们their pets are just as used to the warm shelter asthey are.如果你想当然地认为它们少债于住在外广；.言使它们有得病的危险。由此可见，它们也喜欢住在温暖的地方。故 选 De二、速读全文，了解大意知主题。近几年的高考阅读速度大约是每分钟40 词左右。必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。速读全文对于主旨大意题的解决尤其有效，能

7、快速抓住主干，确定好答案。例 2、（2012.全国卷I,A）.The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals andpeople.Once it has their attention,it flies through the forest,waiting from time to time for thecurious animal or person as it leads them to the nest.When they finally arrive at the

8、 nest,the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches.Someof the honey,and the wax,always falls to the ground,and this is when the honey guide takes itsshare.59.What can be the best title for the text?A.Wild BeesB.Wax and HoneyC.Beekeeping in AfricaD.Hon

9、ey-Lovers Helper答案：D主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了蜂蜜 3 乌用自己的方式找到食物的过程，并且帮助人类和动物获得蜂蜜，斯.人 对 于 人 举 力 来 说，它是有益的帮助者。三、详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。文章绝不是互不相干的句子的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；议论文则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。例 3、（2012江西，D）.Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far.A price h

10、as been paid,they say,for the conquest（征 月 艮）of time and distance.Travel is Something to beenjoyed,not endured（忍受）.The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate theever-changing sights and sounds of a journey.A journey by train also has a special charm about it.Lakes and forests and wild,ope

11、n plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand viewin which time and distance mean nothing.On board a plane,however,there is just the blank blueof the sky filling the narrow windows of the airplane.The soft lighting,in-flight films and gentlemusic make up the only world you know,and the

12、hours progress slowly.72.How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph 2?A.By giving instructions.B By analyzing cause and effect.C.By following the order of time.D.By giving examples.答案：D逻辑结构题。在画线的句子后面，作孝提到：坐船和坐火车旅游能看到沿途的景色，听到声音，而坐飞机旅潜只能透过窗N益天。这是通过举例，说明旅游方式不同，带给人们的享受是不一样的。四、逻辑推理

13、，做好深层理解题。深层理解主要包括归纳概括题（中心思想，加标题等）和推理判断题，是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想像，随意揣测；读者要对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：conclude,infer,imply,suggest,indicate 等。例 4、（2012全国 H,E）A fixed mind-set is grounded in the belief that talent（才能）is geneticyoure a born art

14、ist,point guard or numbers person.The fixed mind-set believes its sure to succeed without mucheffort and regards failure as personal shame.When things get difficult,ifs quick to blame,lie,andeven stay away from future difficulties.58.A fixed mind-set person is probably one who.A.doesnt want to work

15、hardB.cares a lot about personal safetyC.cannot share his ideas with othersD.can succeed with the help of teachers答案：A 推理判断题。由X 童中 The fixed mind-set believes its sure to succeed withoutmuch effort and regards failure as p,nal s h a me 固定思维方式的人相信,人可以不努力就成功,他们视失败为耻辱。故 选 A.五、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。猜词是应用英语阅读的重要能

16、力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词法，语法，定义，同位语，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。例 5、（2011全国 I,D）.For her first garden,Ms.Feeley has put in 15 tomato plants,and five rows of a variety ofvegetables.The familys old farm house has become a chicken house,its residents arriving nextmo

17、nth.68.What does the wordttresidents,in Paragraph 1 probably refer to?A.chickens B.tomatoesC.gardens D.people答案：A 词义猜测题。因为前面提到 The fas-n old farm house has become a chickenhouse,由此可知，居 住 在 这 个 电 告 里 面 的；ickens。故 选 A。n.阅读理解常见问题及原因分析问题一：已经找对了题干与原文对应处，为何还做错？原因：精确定位：要看清真正的问题，即用信息词定位之后，要看清句子逻辑关系，弄清意思。学会看

18、选项的方法：a.找最贴近原文意思的选项；b.去除选项间的相同信息，专门关注区别点；c.分清褒贬；d.分清程度大小，强烈关注选项中表内容的单词；e.看清范围，分清是整体还是局部。例 1、（2012.全国卷n,A）.If left alone outside,dogs and cats can be very smart in their search for warm shelter.Theycan dig into snow banks or hide somewhere.Watch them closely when they are left outdoors,andprovide the

19、m with shelter of good quality.Keep an eye on your pets water.Sometimes ownersdont realize that a water bowl has frozen and their pet cant get anything to drink.Animals thatdont have clean and unfrozen water may drink dirty water outside,which may contain somethingunhealthy for them.43.If pets are l

20、eft on their own outdoors in cold weather,they may.A.run short of clean waterB.dig deep holes for funC.dirty the snow nearbyD.get lost in the wild答案：A 细节理解题。从又童的 Sometimes owners dont realize that a water bowl hasfrozen and their pet cant get anythin二 LO drink.可气 力、结冰,宠物就没有水喝。所以选 A。B项错在for firn；C 项动

21、词不对；D 项到。问题二：根本没找到对应处，为什么？原因：原文没明说；与原文表达并不完全一样；看问题时，应该抓以下几点：a.如果是细节定位题目，则强调局部性，“不是找不到，而是要找与问题沾边的”；b.如果所问的信息点在原文中布满全篇，则此点不关注，并且对任何一篇文章都可以提问的问题部分通通不关注，而且不必关注动词，只看题干中剩下的部分，一般会是个核心名词，这时用这个核心名词定位原文，再找与这个核心名词沾边的选项，通过意思上的一致性比较后得出答案。例 2、（2012全国 I,C）Much later that night,the question of why Fd stopped for th

22、at light came back to me.I think Istopped because it*s part of a contract（契约）we all have with each other.Its not only the law,butit*s an agreement we have,and we trust each other to honor it:we dont go through red lights.Trust is our first inclination（倾向）.Doubting others does not seem to be natural

23、to us.Thewhole construction of our society depends on mutual（相互）trust,not distrust.We do what we saywell do;we show up when we say well show up;and we pay when we say well pay.We trusteach other in these matters,and were angry or disappointed with the person or organization thatbreaks the trust we h

24、ave in them.65.The event made the author strongly believe that.A.traffic rules may be unnecessaryB.doubting others is human natureC.patience is important to driversD.a society needs mutual trust答案：D推理判断题。文章并没有明确点明作一/看 法，但我们根据文中的trust这一关键词可知，通过这件事情，作自认为人占二.U 要相互信任。故 选 D。问题三：对于根本没办法找对应信息点的题目，怎么办？比如：题干

25、是：原文告诉我们什么？作者同意什么？文章的主题？作者的态度？其实我们读文章时，最基本的要弄明白:该文章在说谁？（围绕谁说）是好是坏还是中立？文章中最重要的部分有4 个：段首句，段尾句，转折处，文章末尾！注意：这 4 个部分任一部分但凡伴随着具体事物、具体信息的，立刻成为非重点。例 3、（2012全国 I,D）.The law of overlearning explains why cramming（突击学习）for an examination,though itmay result in a passing grade,is not a satisfactory way to learn

26、a college course.By cramming,astudent may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination,but he is likely soon toforget almost everything he learned.A little overlearning,on the other hand,is really necessary forones future development.71.What is the authors opinion on cramming?A.It lead

27、s to failure in college exams.B,It*s helpful only in a limited way.C.Its possible to result in poor memory.D.It increases students*learning interest.答案：B观点态度题。根据最后一段可知，性.二人为突击学习可能会使一个人通过考试，但很快就忘了,不适宜学习大学的课尹T选 B。【高频考点突破】考点一、主旨大意题1.主旨大意题常分为两类：（1）选出文章最佳标题；（2）概括文章或段落大意。2.主旨大意题主要考查对文章进行概括或总结的能力，它要求在阅读短文时

28、，能够提炼文章的中心思想，体会作者的写作意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、论点及作者的情感倾向。研读近儿年高考阅读理解，可以发现对主旨大意类的考查占有相当重要的地位。例 1、（2012.全国卷U,C）Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships.Forexample,in American culture（文化）the smile is in general an expression of pleasure.Yet it alsohas o

29、ther uses.A womans smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smileshe gives to a young child.A smile may show love or politeness.lt can also hide feelings.lt oftencauses confusion（困惑）across cultures.For example,many people in Russia consider smiling atstrangers in public to be

30、 unusual and even improper.Yet many Americans smile freely at strangersin public places（although this is less common in big cities）.Some Russians believe thatAmericans smile in the wrong places;some Americans believe that Russians dont smile enough.In Southeast Asian cultures,a smile is frequently u

31、sed to cover painful feelings.Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.52.What would be the best title for the text?A.Cultural DifferencesB.Smiles and RelationshipsC.Facial ExpressivenessD.Habits and Emotions答案：c主旨大意题。整篇乂章都在讲facial expressions或 者 facial expressiveness,当然

32、面部表情的表现形式与文化背是有关系,八,所以，facial expressions或 者 facialexpressiveness是文章的主旨。故 选 C。点拨：主旨大意题的三种思路：寻找主题句，确定文章大意。在许多情况下，尤其是在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（或在开头结尾同时出现首尾呼应的主题句），因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨概括类试题多采用浏览法，即浏览文章的首段和尾段的首句或尾句或每段的首句或尾句，重点搜索主题信息。抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中

33、心思想的方法是建立在寻找各段落中心句的基础h o 各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，不能仅依据只言片语或某一段落，而应该观察全文的结构安排，理解文章浓墨重笔的“重心”，考虑文章的材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么，分析故事情节围绕什么发展，最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心。不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句隐含在段落中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，继而概括出段落的主题，推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。考点二、细节理解题1

34、 .此类题型-般分两种情况：直接事实题（在原文中可直接找到答案，常见的类型有对号入座题、是非判断题、语意转换题、表格理解题等）以及间接事实题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换）。2.细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。有些问题，考生可以直接从文中找到明确的答案，但有些则需要在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理，如计算、排序、判断、比较等。例 2、（2012全国卷II,A）.Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad.If you have to takethem out,sta

35、y outside with them.When youre cold enough to go inside,they probably are too.Ifyou must leave them outside for a long time,make sure they have a warm,solid shelter against thewind,thick bedding,and plenty of non-frozen water.42.Why are pet owners asked to stay with their pets when they are out in c

36、old weather?A.To know when to bring them inside.B.To keep them from eating bad food.C.To help them find shelters.D.To keep them company.答案:A 细节理解题。由文中的 If you have to take them out,stay outside with them.Whenyoure cold enough to go inside,they probably are too.可知，让主人随着宠物一起在户外的原因就是适时地让它们回到屋里。故选A。点拨：细

37、节理解题的三个步骤：浏览全文，了解信息。快速通读全文，大致了解不同信息间的差异，为解决问题做好信息储备。抓关键词，快速寻读。根据题目要求，从题干中抓住关键性词语，以此为线索，通过略读和寻读的方法快速而准确地在文章中寻找与此问题相关的信息，找到后仔细阅读，反复品味，认真比较选项和文中细节，在准确理解该细节的前提下，排除干扰项，从而确定答案。回读信息，验证答案。确定答案后，必须回读原文，再一次根据原文中的信息对选项进行验证。总之，对于细节理解题，我们要恰当地运用略读、查读等技巧，在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。考点三、词义猜测题1 .词义猜测题的常见形式：(1)

38、直接对某个陌生的词汇进行理解；(2)对文中的某个代词确认指代的对象；(3)对多义词或短语进行文中含义的精确定义：(4)对英语中特有的表达、格言、谚语等进行直接的或解释性的描述。2.词义猜测题是从特定的角度考查考生的阅读理解和处理生词的能力，它包括对词、词组和句意的理解。词义猜测不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面。例 3、(2012全国 1 ,A).The honey guide does not actually like honey,but it does like the wax in the beehives(蜂房).The little bird cannot reac

39、h this wax,which is deep inside the bees nest.So,when it findsasuitable nest,it looks for someone to help it.The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts theattention of both passing animals and people.Once it has their attention,it flies through the forest,waiting from time to time for the curiou

40、s animal or person as it leads them to the nest.When theyfinally arrive at the nest,the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patientlywaits and watches.Some of the honey,and the wax,always falls to the ground,and this is whenthe honey guide takes its share.57.What do the wor

41、ds the follower in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.A bee.B.A bird.C.A honey seeker.D.A beekeeper.答案：c词义猜测题。根据上下文可知，此外，寻找蜂蜜的动物或人。a honey seeker寻找蜂蜜者。故 选 Co beekeepei表示 养螃点拨：词义猜测题的三大突破1.根据定义猜测词义。如果生词由定语从句、同位语(同位语前常有or,similarly,thatis to say,in rather words,namely,or rather,say等)或同位语从句来定义,或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容或引号中的

42、内容加以解释，理解这些定义或解释就是在理解词义。2.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义。在一个句子或段落中如有对两个事物或两种现象的对比性描述，我们可以从生词的对立面猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词语主要有：unlike,not,but,however,despite,in spite of,in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构有：while引导的并列句。表示比较关系的词语主要有：similarly,like,just as,also,as well as等。3.通过构词法猜测词义。生词的前缀、后缀、复合词的各部分，词性的变化都可以暗示出词义。注意不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；

43、不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。考点四、推理判断题1.推理判断题的考查形式通常为：推断隐含含义；推断作者的观点和态度；推断写作目的和意图；推断文章的出处；推断文章中人物的性格态度等。2.推理判断题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断的能力。例 4、(2012.北京，A).With a PhD in Mathematics Education from Georgia State University,Dr.Siegel teachesmathematics at Central Arizona

44、College.His courses include various make-up classes and anumber of lectures for future primary school teachers.If the course fails to provide complete satisfaction to you,you can easily exchange it for anyother course that we offer.Or you can get your money back.59.Where is the passage most likely t

45、o have been taken from?A.A news report.B.A book review.C.A lesson plan.D.An advertisement.答案：D推理判断题。由最后一段的女口果西匚黑程不满意，可以调换其他课程，或退款。何 知，这是一则广告。点拨：推理判断题的五大技巧：1.抓特定信息，逆向或正向推理。抓住某一段话中的关键信息，如关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。2.整合全文（段）信息进行推断。做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文的基础上，整合与题目相关的信息，综合推理判断，确定最佳结论。3.利用语境的褒贬

46、性进行推断。几乎每篇文章的语境都有定的褒贬性，它反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好这一点，就能在把握主旨大意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。4.根据文章的结论推断作者的态度。作者的思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。5.根据上下文的逻辑得出结论。逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。【经典考题精析】（-）A（2013全国 I,A）Some people will do jus

47、t about anything to save money.And I am one of them.Take myfamilys last vacation.It was my six-year-old son*s winter break from school,and we were headinghome from Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip.The flight was overbooked,and Delta,theairline,offered us$400 per person in credits to give up our

48、 seats and leave the next day.I hadmeetings in New York,so I had to get back.But that didnt mean my husband and my son couldntstay.I took my nine-month-old and took off for home.The next day,my husband and son were offered more credits to take an even later flight.Yes,I encouraged-okay,ordered-them

49、to wait it out at the airport to earn”more Delta Dollars.Ourtotal take:$1,600.Not bad,huh?Now some people may think Pm a bad mother and not such a great wife either.But as abig-time bargain hunter,I know the value of a dollar.And these days,a good deal is somethingfew of us can afford to pass up.I*v

50、e made a living looking for the best deals and exposing（揭露）the worst tricks.I have beenthe consumer reporter of NBCs Today show for over a decade.I have written a couple of booksincluding one titled Tricks of the Trade:A Consumer Survival Guide.And I really do what Ibelieve in.I tell you this becaus