中考英语语法—句子成分和句子结构课件.pptx
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1、句子成分和句子结构句子成分和句子结构Knowledge is power.知识就是力量知识就是力量一、相关概念一、相关概念词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。1 名词名词 noun n.student 学生学生 2 代词代词 pronoun pron.you 你你3 形容词形容词 adjective adj.happy 高兴的高兴的4 副词副词 adverb adv.quickly 迅速地迅速地5 动词动词 verb v.cut 砍、割砍、割6 数词数词 numeral num.three 三三7 冠词冠词
2、 article art.a/an/the8 介词介词 preposition prep.at 在在.9 连词连词 conjunction conj.and 和和10 感叹词感叹词 interjection interj.oh 哦哦前六类叫前六类叫实词实词,后四类叫,后四类叫虚词虚词。特别注意动词分为及物动词动词分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词和不及物动词(vi)Vt:后面可以跟宾语后面可以跟宾语Vi:后面不能跟宾语后面不能跟宾语有些词既可以作及物动词也可以做不及物动词,词意一致。有些词既可以作及物动词也可以做不及物动词,词意一致。有些词既可以作及物动词也可以做不及物动词,词意不一致。有些词既
3、可以作及物动词也可以做不及物动词,词意不一致。The meeting began(vi).(开始)(开始)We began(vt)the meeting at 6.(开始)(开始)The man walked(vi)away.(走)(走)He walked(vt)the dog every day.(遛)(遛)二、句子成分英语句子的组成部分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、表语、和同位语八种。注意:表语和系动词一起作谓语。1.主语1.一般是动作的发出者,位于句首。主语常常由名词一般是动作的发出者,位于句首。主语常常由名词 代代词词 数次数次 动名词动名词 动词不定式等充当。动词不定式等
4、充当。The boy is twelve.Those apples are delicious.She looks attractive.2.形容词形容词,副词或介词短语不能做主语,若在句首,可能副词或介词短语不能做主语,若在句首,可能是倒装。是倒装。倒装语序:倒装语序:On the desk are some books.正常语序:正常语序:some books are on the desk.练习划出下面的句子主语,并说出由什么充当。During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.We oft
5、en speak English in class.One-third of the students in this class are girls.Smoking does harm to the healthThe rich should help the poor.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.It is necessary to master a foreign language.That he isnt at home is not true._ _名词做主语名词做主语_动名词做主语动名词做主语_人称代词做主语人称代词做主语_名词
6、做主语名词做主语_名词做主语名词做主语_不定式做主语不定式做主语_ _不定时做主语不定时做主语_ _从句做主语从句做主语2.谓语说明主语所做的动作或者具有的特征和状态。简单谓语简单谓语:He reads newspapers every day.They made a cake for me.复合谓语复合谓语:He has caught a bad cold.You may keep the book for two weeks.I have been reading the book all the time.My sister is crying over there.系动词系动词+表语作
7、谓语表语作谓语:His father is a musician.The man is handsome.My grandpa is seventy.练习划出下面句子的谓语,并说出是什么谓语。Miss Mary teaches us English.Many a person has read the novel.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.Her favorite sport is playing football._ _ _ _简单谓语简单谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语3.宾语1.一
8、般由名词,代词,不定式,动名词,或名词性的词充当,表示动作的对象或者承受者。一般位于及物动词和介词之后。2.宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。We have breakfast at seven.He bought a new car last week.练习划出下面的句子宾语,并说出由什么充当。They planted many trees yesterday.-How many dictionaries do you have?-I have five.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.I wanted to buy a car
9、.I enjoy watching tv.I think(that)he is fit for his office._ _ _ _名词作宾语名词作宾语名词作宾语名词作宾语动名词作宾语动名词作宾语从句作宾语从句作宾语数词作宾语数词作宾语不定式作宾语不定式作宾语4.补语有些动词虽然是及物动词,但是只能跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的句有些动词虽然是及物动词,但是只能跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的句子意思,宾语后必须加上一个补语成分才能使句意完整,所加上的部子意思,宾语后必须加上一个补语成分才能使句意完整,所加上的部分就是宾语补足语。分就是宾语补足语。宾语补语宾语补语:宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的:宾语和宾
10、语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系主谓关系,它们,它们一起构成复合宾语。一起构成复合宾语。He asked me to lend him some money.I heard someone calling for help.主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语宾补宾补主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语宾补宾补主语补语主语补语:对主语的补充。(含有宾语补足语的句子在:对主语的补充。(含有宾语补足语的句子在编程被动语态宾语作主语时,原来的宾语就成了主语补编程被动语态宾语作主语时,原来的宾语就成了主语补足语。)足语。)She was found singing in the next room.主语主语谓语谓语主补主补练习划
11、出下面的句子补语,并说出由什么充当。His father named him Dongming.They pained their boat white.Let the fresh air in.I asked him to come on time.We saw her entering the room.He kept his hand behind his back.I want your homework done on time._不定式短语不定式短语_ _名词名词_形容词形容词_副词副词_现在分词现在分词_ _介词短语介词短语_过去分词短语过去分词短语5.定语n 定语是对名词或者代
12、词起修饰限定作用的词,短语,定语是对名词或者代词起修饰限定作用的词,短语,或句子,汉语中用(或句子,汉语中用(的)表示的)表示.形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前。形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前。The next man is a scientist.It is an interesting story.n在英语中,也有雨多情况是定语放在所修饰词之后,这在英语中,也有雨多情况是定语放在所修饰词之后,这点与汉语的表达习惯不同。点与汉语的表达习惯不同。1.副词作定语,一般要后置。副词作定语,一般要后置。People there are very friendly.(那儿的人们)(那儿的人们)He
13、didnt like the man downstairs.(楼下的那个人)(楼下的那个人)2.形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The man next to me is a scientist.3.介词短语作定语要后置。介词短语作定语要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.4.现在分词短语,过去分词短语,动词不定式作定语现在分词短语,过去分词短语,动词不定式作定语常后置。常后置。I have something to say.我有我有要说的要说的话。话。The boy crying over there is my br
14、other.在那边哭在那边哭的的那个男孩是我的弟弟。那个男孩是我的弟弟。练习划出下面句子的定语,并说出由什么充当。The letter on the desk is for Mr.Wu.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.We need a place twice larger than this one.She carried a basket full of eggs.Its a book worth no more than one dollar.Its a city far away from the coast._ _ 介词
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