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1、Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions1Chapter 4Biological Basis of Emotions(I):Emotional brainFall,2008Psychology of Emotions21.Case of Phineas Gage(1885)&modern cases of Phineas Gage;2.Cannons research(1931)3.Papez(1937)hypothesis4.Three level of brain&forebrain revolution;5.Limbic system6.Amygdala7.Basa

2、l ganglia8.OFC&VMPC9.LPC 10.ACC11.Insular,et.al.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions31.Case of Phineas GageDamage of prefrontal cortex;Intact:language,skill,intelligence,attention,memory,perceptions;Damage:personality and emotion regulation and motivation;-whatfunctionsofprefrontalcortexinemotionalproces

3、sing?Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions4Case of Phineas Gage（Harlow,1858）Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions6Patient A(Brickner,1932)Damage:all left frontal lobes before area for language removed;all right frontal lobes including cortex in front of areas controlling movement;ventral(orbital)surface and low

4、er part of the internal(medial)surface of both sides of frontal lobes;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions7Patient AIntact functions:perception,memory,language,motor abilities,calculations,play games,intelligence,physiological health;Changed in personality:boasted 自夸 of his professional,physical and sexu

5、al powers威力 although he did not work.Never return to work afterward.Impoverished贫乏 emotional life,no signs of sad,embarrassment,or distress.Passive and dependent.Detached from others.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions8Implication:varies frontal lobes and specific functions in emotional processing.情绪受损-

6、情绪分化性和丰富性减弱-部分情绪回路被损伤；情绪的动力性受损-情绪的主观体验损伤；或情绪影响认知，或认知影响情绪的功能出现损伤；情绪障碍与人格障碍;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions10Cerebral cortexthalamusvisceraSkeletal musclesReceptor/emotional stimuli12345Cannon-Bard theory(1931)Subjective emotion情绪体验:与认知评价有直接关系,与生理唤醒无关Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions112.Points of Cannon

7、Subjective emotional experience is resulted from interaction between activation in thalamus and cognitive evaluation in neo-cortex;Physiological arousal is kind of nonspecific state accompanied with subjective emotional experience.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions13Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions15Evo

8、lution of the forebrain Reptile爬行动物:Telecephalon端脑:corpusstriatumcorpusstriatum纹状体纹状体纹状体纹状体Diencephalon间脑:hypothalamus;Early mammals早期的哺乳动物:Telecephalon:corpus striatum+limbic system(amygdala+septum)system(amygdala+septum)边缘系统边缘系统边缘系统边缘系统Diencephalon:hypothalamus;Mammals:Telecephalon:NeocortexNeocor

9、tex新皮层新皮层新皮层新皮层+corpus striatum+limbic system(amygdala+septum)Diencephalon:hypothalamus;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions16Figure 5.3Figure 5.3Human brain at five stages of developmentHuman brain at five stages of developmentThe brain already shows an adult structure at birth,although it continues to

10、grow during the first year or so.Video Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions18Evolution of forebrain and emotion（接上页）Foraging觅食Hunting狩猎Hoarding囤积Forming social groups including hierarchies形成有等级的社会团体;Greeting问候Grooming整饰 Mating交配,Flocking聚集Migration迁徙Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions19ContinuingTypes of beh

11、aviorRoutinizing常规Imitation or mimicry模仿Tropisms定向Repetitious重复Reenactments装扮Deceptive behavior欺骗Hypothesis:the striatal region is involved in scheduling species-characteristic behavior patterns in mammals that are comparable to those of reptiles;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions20communicative displa

12、y Signature display信号Challenge display挑战Courtship display求爱Submissive display 顺从Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions21Figure 8.16Figure 8.16Connections from the substantia nigra:(a)normal and Connections from the substantia nigra:(a)normal and(b)in Parkinson(b)in Parkinsons disease s disease Excitatory p

13、aths are shown in green;inhibitory are in red.The substantia nigras axons inhibit the putamen.Axon loss increases excitatory communication to the globus pallidus.The result is increased inhibition from the globus pallidus to the thalamus and decreased excitation from the thalamus to the cerebral cor

14、tex.People with Parkinsons disease show decreased initiation of movement,slow and inaccurate movement,and psychological depression.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions22Figure 12.1Figure 12.1The limbic systemThe limbic systemThe limbic system is a group of structures in the interior of the brain.Here you

15、 see them as if you could look through a transparent exterior of the brain.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions24Limbic systemBroca(1878)：limbic lobe.边缘叶由胼胝体周围的皮层，如扣带回和颞叶内表面皮层（包括海马）组成。与嗅觉有关；Including many of components of the Papez Circuit.e.g.thalamus,hypothalamus,hippocampus,cingulate cortex,and amygda

16、la and Prefrontal Cortex.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions25Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions26ContinuingThe limbic systemSelf preservation behaviorEating competingMating交配Caregiving照顾Infant attachment婴儿依恋Social function社会功能Olds and Milner(1954):self stimulation on limbic system;Limbic system:Pleasure c

17、enters or centers of emotionsFall,2008Psychology of Emotions28Early studies Kluver-Bucy syndrome(1939)Docile(温顺);No fear of original fearful objects;Change in sex behavior(hyper-sexuality);社会地位改变;Temporal lobe or psychomotor epilepsyFeeling of desire,fear,anger,dejection,gratulant feeling欣快;pugilist

18、ic behavior拳击行为,paroxysm发作of kissing;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions29312LeDoux(1995)的情绪双通道模型:杏仁核生理反应;双通道影响杏仁核的激活;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions31Emotional stimuliLABABCEEmotional responsesamygdalaLA：lateral Nucleus;CE:central nucleiB:basal AB:accessory basalFall,2008Psychology of Emotions32Fear co

19、nditioning experiment on rats:Sound+brief mild shock to the feet of the rats(or meet a cat);Conditioned responses:blood pressure and heart rate rise,stress hormones are released into blood stream;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions33Evidences from LeDoux(1988,1995)中央核(CE)损伤,不能形成条件反射;外侧下丘脑损伤:干扰血压变化;PVN损伤

20、:干扰激素变化;RPC损伤:干扰惊跳反射;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions34EvidencesSubcortical pathway-It takes about 12 ms in rat:quickly;Crude image;Cortical pathway:slowly,24ms,produce detailed and accurate representation and prevent inappropriate response;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions35Thalamus-amygdala connectio

21、n:one synapse;Thalamus-hippocampus connection:several synapses;-take more(40ms)time;-emotional response is primary and quickly;Anatomic evidenceFall,2008Psychology of Emotions36杏仁核的情绪反应功能(Zola-Morgan,1991)Emotion and Cognition are separate systems?Bilateral amygdalectomies(on monkeys):cognitive task

22、 intact,but emotional responding inpropriately;Emotional test:Reaction to emotional stimulation;Hippocampi removed:emotional responses intact,but difficulty on the cognitive task;Cognitive test:learning and recall,matching to sample,and discrimination;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions37Normal groupFal

23、l,2008Psychology of Emotions38Amyg.and Hippo.removed Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions39H Removed Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions40Amyg.Removed.OnlyFall,2008Psychology of Emotions41Amygdalas activation to Conscious&unconscious emotional stimuliCarlsson&Petersson,2004(PET研究)Conscious:snake phobia:snake

24、-A+snake phobia:spiderA-Unconscious:Snake phobia:snake A+Snake phobia:spider A+在无意识条件下,杏仁核有更强的激活;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions42Liu&Huang(In press)InvisibleBoth intact erotic&mutilated pictures elicit stronger SCR than scrambled ones;Visible Just mutilated intact pictures elicit stronger SCR than

25、scrambled ones;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions43Human amygdala in social judgment(R.Adolphs,D.Tranel,and A.R.Damasio,1998)Questions:社会认知中情绪的作用?Role of Amygdala in judgment of expressive faces?Subjects3 bilateral amyg.Damage;7 unilateral amyg.Damage;4 right3 leftControl:10 brain damage but not in amy

26、g.Norms:46 undergraduate students;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions44Stimuli and tasks50 positive faces;50 negative facesForced choice tasksAnchor faces(rating as 0.0)Very approachability可接近very un-approachabilityVery trustworthiness可信-very untrustworthiness;Lexical stimuli88 Adjectives and described

27、personality attributes;20 short biographies about life styles and activities;Judgment:very Likeable(3)very un-likeable(-3)Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions4550 negative facesFall,2008Psychology of Emotions4650 positive facesFall,2008Psychology of Emotions47conclusionsAmygdala damage let to incorrect j

28、udgment to negative faces;no effect was found in judgment to lexical description;No damage difference between right and left damage of amyg.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions48Animal studies:Single unit recording studies in animals show that amygdala neurons can respond differently to different faces(L

29、eonard,etal.1985)and respond selectively dynamic social stimuli;Human studies:fMRI and PET studies also provide consistency evidences to support that amygdala can response to fearful faces 面部and vocal声音 expression;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions49Amygdala activation and memory enhanceCahill etal.(19

30、96)reported one patient with amygdala damage didnt show memory enhancement for emotional aspects of stories.PET studies showed that levels of glucose metabolism in right amygdala during encoding could predict the recall of complex negative or positive emotional stimuli up to several weeks later(Cahi

31、ll,etal.1996;Hamann,etal.1999);Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions50Amygdala activation need attention?Pesssoa et.al.(2002)suggested activation in amygdala by emotional faces require attention;And emotional process in amygdala is susceptible to top-down control.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions51Amygdala

32、activation and attentionFall,2008Psychology of Emotions52resultsFall,2008Psychology of Emotions53Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions547.Basal ganglia:learning to skillfully attain rewardsAnatomy 解剖组成：globus pallidus苍白球旧纹状体(paleostriatum)Caudate尾状核putamen壳核新纹状体(neostriatum)、subthalamic nucleus底丘脑核substan

33、tia nigra黑质Input（传入）:来自大脑皮层广泛区域;Out put（传出）:通过丘脑直接传入到前额皮层，前运动皮层和运动皮层。Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions557.Basal ganglia:learning to skillfully attain rewards损伤结果：运动计划和运动执行Parkinson”s diseaseHuntingtons disease形成趋与避的行为习惯和正情绪有密切关系；-习惯的形成总是发生在正情绪之中！习惯的形成总是发生在正情绪之中！-这些区域与好坏的判断这些区域与好坏的判断/知觉有关，好知觉有关，好趋向，趋向，

34、不好不好避；如果这些部位损害，就可能无法辨避；如果这些部位损害，就可能无法辨认好认好/坏坏;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions56Figure 8.16Figure 8.16Connections from the substantia nigra:(a)normal and Connections from the substantia nigra:(a)normal and(b)in Parkinson(b)in Parkinsons disease s disease Excitatory paths are shown in green;inhibitory

35、 are in red.The substantia nigras axons inhibit the putamen.Axon loss increases excitatory communication to the globus pallidus.The result is increased inhibition from the globus pallidus to the thalamus and decreased excitation from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex.People with Parkinsons disease

36、 show decreased initiation of movement,slow and inaccurate movement,and psychological depression.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions57Supporting evidencesLesions studies（损伤研究）:Impair perception of emotion conveyed through facial expression and tone of voice（不能辨认声音与表情）;depression（抑郁）;Neuroimaging studies

37、:Activation when experience of positive emotion;Dopamine releasing in basal ganglia;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions58Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions598.Anatomic connections of Obito-frontal cortex(OFC)and Ventral-medial prefrontal cortex(VMPC)Received input from every sensory modalityReciprocal conn

38、ections with sub-cortical brainstem nuclei involved in emotionReceived input from frontal and temporal lobes that integrate and associate information from many modalities.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions60The orbitofrontal cortex(OFC)and reward processingRolls(1996,1999)proposed that Orbitofrontal re

39、gion is involved in learning the emotional value of the stimuli.OFC work with amygdala to learn and represent relationship between new emotional stimuli and primary drive(e.g.food,drink and sex).学习情绪刺激与 这些基本的内驱力之间的关系。对情绪信息进行精细认知评价,产生情绪价(正-负评价)；Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions61To computing the motiva

40、tional value of external stimuliNeuroimaging:OFC activation when paired with reinforcer;Context dependent action selectionLesions of OFC/VMFC:impair abilities to control emotion according context demanding and then impair their social interaction;Unable to use emotional cues to guide and facilitate

41、adaptive behaviors;例如：前额页损伤与决策；Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions62The ventromedial PFC and bodily signalsSomatic marker hypothesis by Damasio et al.(1991).Emotional physiology;Subjective emotional experience;Ventrolmedial cortex PFC is acting as somatic marker to process somatic codes activated by emo

42、tional stimuli and enable individual to consider uncertainly information and than make a decision based on emotion aspects of stimuli array.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions63The ventromedial PFC and bodily signalsE.g.EVR,modern day Phineas Gage:vertrolmedial cortex damage,cognitive intact but cant ma

43、ke a reasonable decision.-Modified version of James-Lange approach;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions64Bechara,Damasio etal.(1994)Card game experiment;Subjects:patients with ventromedial PFC damage,health control subjects;Task:card gameFour conditions:Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions65 A B CDgainpossibi

44、litypenalties$100$100$50$5050%10%$250$125050%$5010%$250Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions66Trick:to overlook immediate rewards($100)and become sensitive to delayed rewards(or to avoid large penalties)The patients cant learn to finger out the optimal solution to perform the task,and normal subjects were

45、 able to response emotional sensitively and learn to find out a good choice.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions67Orbital and ventromedial frontal cortexFunction:context-dependent(场依存）action selection;Use and application:inhibit ongoing emotional responses based on analyses of context;generate affective

46、reactions based on these analyses that guide further regulatory judgments;(依据环境特点进行情绪反应及情绪调节)Controlled;决定如何调节及如何实施调节决定如何调节及如何实施调节;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions68The PFC and top-down regulationDavidson et al propose that PFC and ACC send“bias signals”(emotional information)to other parts of brain

47、to guide behaviors towards the most adaptive current goals;Left-side PFC is related with approach goals and is acted as appetitive region;-趋近系统;Right-side PFC regions are responding to negative signals and involved in withdrawal behaviors;-回避系统；Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions69Lateral prefrontal and

48、 association corticesRetrieving and storing semantic emotion knowledge;情绪知识的提取与存储;Use and application:identity识别 stimuli&differentiate分化 feeling states;attribute归因 emotional qualities to stimuli;repository存储 of regulatory strategies&lay emotion knowledge;Retrievalcanbeautomaticorcontrolled;Fall,2008

49、Psychology of Emotions70Representation表征 of Emotion concepts情绪概念 or schemas 图式The abstract cause of an experienceThe meaning of a situation to the individual and his or her immediate goalsBodily sensations Expressive modesHow emotion functions interpersonallyEmotional Semantic memoryFall,2008Psychol

50、ogy of Emotions71Role of Semantic memory in emotion:Repository存储 of knowledge about origins,evolution,and sequence of emotion;Whenlackamygdalaandbasalgangliaactivation,itcouldtoldwhatmeaningoftheobject;Whencombinedwiththeseactivation,itwillbepartofemotion.（？！）（？！）产生特异的体验（？！）增加信息的通达性（！）Building Links