地球化学元素的分类课件.ppt
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1、2.6ElementsClassificationI.GoldschmidtsClassificationII.CompatibleandincompatibleElementsIII.TheGeochemicalPeriodicTablel Atmophile,Lithophile,siderophileandchalcophilerefertothetendencyoftheelementtopartitionintoasilicate,metal,orsulfideliquid respectively.元素地球化学元素地球化学亲和性分和性分类Figure2.GoldshcmidtsCl
2、assificationofelementsI.GoldshcmidtsClassificationChalcophile elements have an affinity for a sulfide liquid phase.s2p6d10Siderophile elements have an affinity for a metallic liquid phase.They are concentrated in the core.8-18Atmophile elements are generally extremely volatile(form gases or liquids
3、at the surface of the Earth)and are concentrated in the atmosphere and hydrosphereLithophile elements are those showing an affinity for silicate phases and are concentrated in the silicate portion(crust and mantle)of the earth.s2p6亲生物元素:C N H O P B Ca Cl Na SilStateswiththelowestfreeenergyarethemost
4、stable:ahigh-Gindicatestheoxideismuchmorestablethanthemetal.lThoseelementswhoseoxideshavelow|G|aregenerallychalcophile.lElementswhoseoxideshave-GsimilartothatFeOcombinewithoxygenonlyaboutasreadilyasFe,andaregenerallysiderophile.lMostelementsthataresiderophileareusuallyalsosomewhatchalcophileandvisav
5、ersa.Figure 4.Goldschmidts ClassificationII.CompatibleandincompatibleElementslPartitioningbetweencrystallineandliquidphasesPartitioncoefficient:lDK,Rb,Sr,Ba,Zr,U,Th,REE,etc.lD1,compatibleelementsNi,Cr,Co,etc.7.2.2.3 The Alkali and Alkaline Earth ElementsTheheavieralkaliandalkalineearthelementshaveel
6、ectronegativitieslessthan1.5andasinglevalencestateBeisanexceptiontheyarequitemobileduringmetamorphismandweathering.large-ion-lithophile(LIL)elements:K,Rb,Cs,Sr,andBaBehasanionicradiussmallerthanmostoctahedralsites.Substitutionofasmallioninalargesiteisalsoenergeticallyunfavorableasthebondenergyisredu
7、ced.ThusBeisalsoanincompatibleelement,RARE EARTH ELEMENTS AND YPROPERTIES OF REE稀土元素在地壳中的分配稀土元素在自然界的分异稀土元素在周期表中的位置(一)PROPERTIES OF REE 1.什么是稀土元素 以往由于分析技术水平低,误认为他们在地壳中很稀少,另外它们一般发现于富集的风化壳上,呈土状,故名稀土。实际上稀土并不稀,REE(稀土元素)的地壳丰度为0.017%,其中Ce、La、Nd的丰度比W、Sn、Mo、Pb、Co还高。中国是稀土大国,我国的稀土矿尤为丰富。我国内蒙白云鄂博稀土矿 57La58Ce59Pr
8、*60Nd61Pm62Sm63Eu64Gd65Tb66Dy67Ho68Er69Tm70Yb71Lu39Y 镧 铈 镨 钕 钜 钐 铕 钆 铽 镝 钬 铒 铥 镱 镥 钇 *镨具有放射性 Ce 族稀土:LaEu轻稀土(LREE)Y 族稀土:GdY 重稀土(HREE)轻稀土:LaNd 中稀土:SmHo 重稀土:ErLu+Y 2.稀土分类(两分法和三分法)稀土元素的主要性质 稀土元素属新增电子充填在4f亚层的“4f型元素”:造成了电子和原子核之间吸引力的连组增加,从而使原子受到收缩随着原子序数增加,稀土元素的原子(离子)半径减少“镧系收缩”因此,“镧系收缩”决定了它们的晶体化学、地球化学性质非常相似
9、在自然界密切共生,成组进入矿物晶格;Asthealkalisandalkalineearths,therareearthsandYarestronglyelectropositive;thelathanidehaveelectronegativitiesof1.2orless,theactinidesUandThhaveslightlyhigherelectronegativities.Asaresult,theyformpredominantlyionicbonds,andthehardchargedsphereagainprovidesagoodmodeloftheirbehavior.T
10、helanthaniderareearthsareinthe+3valencestateoverawiderangeofoxygenfugacities.在化学反应中的电子转移:稀土元素原子易失去6s25d1或6s24f1三个电子,故均呈三价产出;Y元素:是第5周期过渡元素的起点,次外层d型充填,外电子排布为5s24d1,与稀土元素性质相似,也呈三价阳离子存在;稀土元素中最稳定的三个元素:La(f0)代表轻稀土,Eu(f7)和Lu(f14)代表重稀土;The Rare Earth Elements and YCecanbepartlyorwhollyinthe+4stateatthehigho
11、xygenfugacitiesEucanbepartlyinthe2+stateatthelowoxygenfugacitiesoftheEarthsinterior.Thisalwaysina+4valancestate,butUmaybeina+4or+6valencestate,Unlikethealkaliandalkalineearthelements,theyarerelativelyinsolubleinaqueoussolutions,aconsequenceoftheirhigherchargeandhighionicpotentialandresultingneedtobe
12、coordinatedbyanions.TheoneexceptionisUinitsfullyoxidizedU6+form,whichformsasolubleoxyanioncomplex,UO22.15个稀土元素在地壳中奇偶效应Evengreaterthanthoseofneighboringodd-numberHowever,theheavyrareearthshavesufficientlysmallradiithattheycanbeaccommodatedtosomedegreeinmanycommonminerals.Theheaviestrareearthsreadilys
13、ubstituteforAl3+ingarnet,andhencecanbeconcentratedbyit.Eu,wheninits2+state,substitutesforCa2+inplagioclasefeldsparmorereadilythantheotherrareearths.ThusplagioclaseisoftenanomalouslyrichinEucomparedtotheotherrareearths,andotherphasesinequilibriumwithplagioclasebecomerelativelydepletedinEuasaconsequen
14、ce.Eu3+eEu2+,Eh0=-0.43v:由于Eu2+与Ca2+晶体化学性质相似,往往可以使Eu2+脱离REE3+整体而单独活动,这样在岩浆早期富Ca2+的环境中,斜长石一般含较高的Eu2+,形成斜长石的“正铕异常”;Ce3+Ce4+e,Eh0=1.61v:在强氧化条件下,Ce4+与REE3+整体脱离,形成所谓的“负铈异常”;Cchondritesareaclassofmeteoritesthataretakentobethebestrepresentativeoftheaverageconcentrationsofnon-volatileelementsinthesolarsystem
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