21世纪英语词汇学课件.ppt

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1、5/25/2023121世纪的英语词汇学2121世纪的英语词汇学世纪的英语词汇学汪榕培汪榕培5/25/2023221世纪的英语词汇学英语词汇学研究的历史和现状英语词汇学研究的历史和现状1.两本词汇学巨著的启示意义两本词汇学巨著的启示意义2.三本词汇学概论的参照价值三本词汇学概论的参照价值3.新编的英语词汇学系列教材新编的英语词汇学系列教材4.5/25/2023321世纪的英语词汇学I.英语词汇学研究的历史和现状英语词汇学研究的历史和现状在中国和西方的语文学在中国和西方的语文学研究中，研究中，“词词”一直是一直是不可或缺的内容；英语不可或缺的内容；英语的的lexicology（词汇学）（词汇学）

2、这个名称是这个名称是NoahWebster于于1828年创年创造的。作为对词汇的历造的。作为对词汇的历时研究，历史比较词汇时研究，历史比较词汇学早在学早在19世纪已经在世纪已经在西方产生。西方产生。中华字典博物馆5/25/2023421世纪的英语词汇学此外，跟词汇有关的若干分支学科已经取此外，跟词汇有关的若干分支学科已经取得了相对独立的地位，例如词典学得了相对独立的地位，例如词典学(lexicography)、形态学(morphology)和词汇语义学(lexicalsemantics)，还有一些分支学科已经取得了半独立的地位，例如短语学(phraseology)和心理词汇(mentallex

3、icon)，这些分支学科似乎把词汇学的研究范围分割掉了。5/25/2023621世纪的英语词汇学l在在20世纪结构主义语言学（尤其是美国结构主义世纪结构主义语言学（尤其是美国结构主义语言学）的影响下，英语词汇研究和英语词汇教学语言学）的影响下，英语词汇研究和英语词汇教学的研究处于相对滞后的状态，的研究处于相对滞后的状态，LeonardBloomfield就认为，就认为，“词汇实际上是语法的附录，也就是不规词汇实际上是语法的附录，也就是不规则的基础形式的清单则的基础形式的清单(reallyanappendixofthegrammar,alistofbasicirregularities)。”21

4、世纪以来，随着计算机科学的发展和语言学研究世纪以来，随着计算机科学的发展和语言学研究的深入，词汇研究在西方（尤其在欧洲）引起了越的深入，词汇研究在西方（尤其在欧洲）引起了越来越多的重视，相继出版了一系列词汇学著作。来越多的重视，相继出版了一系列词汇学著作。5/25/2023721世纪的英语词汇学l其中包括其中包括LeilaBehrens等主编的等主编的聚焦词汇：当代词汇学的聚焦词汇：当代词汇学的竞争与交汇竞争与交汇（The Lexicon in Focus:Competition and Convergence in Current Lexicology，2002）、由）、由DavidAlan

5、Cruse等主编的等主编的1900余页的余页的词汇学：词和词汇性质和结词汇学：词和词汇性质和结构的国际手册构的国际手册（Lexicology:An International Handbook on the Nature and Structure of Words and Vocabularies,2002，2005）、由）、由DieterWunderlich主编的主编的词汇理论的进词汇理论的进展展(Advances in the Theory of the Lexicon,2006)、由、由M.A.K.Halliday等编著的等编著的词汇学概论词汇学概论（Lexicology：A Shor

6、t Introduction,2007）、由）、由PatrickHanks主编的主编的2400余页的余页的词汇学：语言学重要概念词汇学：语言学重要概念（Lexicology:Critical Concepts in Linguistics,2008）等一系列重要的词汇学论著，）等一系列重要的词汇学论著，为英语词汇研究注入了活力，词汇取得了语言学研究的中心地为英语词汇研究注入了活力，词汇取得了语言学研究的中心地位。位。lAnnaWierzbicka甚至认为甚至认为“句法只不过是把词粘在一起的句法只不过是把词粘在一起的粘合剂而已粘合剂而已(nomorethanthegluethatisusedto

7、pastewordstogether)。”5/25/2023821世纪的英语词汇学lThehandbook(1944pages)identifiesanddealswiththefollowingaimsforacademicprogressionandpractical/theoreticalresearch:l-theestablishmentandmaintenanceofanindependentprothedisciplineoflexicologyl-thecollectionanddocumentationofup-to-dateknowledgeinthefieldoflexi

8、cologyl-thedocumentationofresearchstillout-standingandtheprovisionofguidelinesonconcretefieldsofstudy.lInconclusionthepresentstateoflexicologymadeitnecessarytodealthoroughlywithquestionsaboutthediscipline,itsmethodologyanditslinkswithrelateddisciplines.5/25/20231021世纪的英语词汇学lThehandbookstartsoffwitht

9、hetwomainsectionswordandvocabulary.lThesenserelationsactasthethreadswhichbindthesetwosectionstogether,becausetheirabilitytolinkwordsinpairsallowsustomakesuccessiveinroadsintothevocabulary.Movingfromthetermwordtothetermlexicalelementforcesusintoamoredetailedinvestigationofphraseology.lDetailedtreatme

10、ntsofeachofthewaysoflookingatvocabularyareprovided,inviewoftheambiguityofthetermvocabulary(vocabularyinitsrelationtoanaturallanguagevs.vocabularyinitsrelationtoanindividualmentallexiconvs.vocabularyinitsrelationtogrammarlexicon).lSimilarly,synchronicanddiachronicpointsofviewaretakenintoaccount,inord

11、ertobeabletoarriveatanadequatedescriptionoftheunderlyingdynamicsofthevocabularyofnaturallanguages.5/25/20231121世纪的英语词汇学l第二部分介绍了词的形式层面和内容层面:lIV.TheformlevelofthewordlV.ThecontentlevelofthewordI:GeneraloverviewlVI.ThecontentlevelofthewordII:LexicaldecompositionlVII.ThecontentlevelofthewordIII:Conceptu

12、alapproacheslVIII.ThecontentlevelofthewordIV:StructuringofwordmeaninglIX.ThecontentlevelofthewordV:DimensionsofmeaninglX.Relationsbetweenthelevelofformandthelevelofcontent5/25/20231321世纪的英语词汇学l第五部分介绍了词与词汇的各种共时关系：lXVI.LexicalstructuresinasyntagmaticperspectivelXVII.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyI:Wor

13、dclasseslXVIII.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyII:WordfamilieslXIX.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyIII:LexicalfieldslXX.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyIV:StructuringsrelatedtoconceptslXXI.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyV:FunctionalvarietieslXXII.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyVI:LayersoforiginlXXIII.Thearc

14、hitectureofthevocabularyVII:Vocabulariesforspecificpurposes5/25/20231521世纪的英语词汇学VolumeTwol该手册第二卷也可以分为五个部分，l第一部分介绍了词汇学的方法论和词汇的特征：lXXIV.MethodologyofLexicologylXXV.StructuralPropertiesofVocabulariesfromContrastiveandTypologicalPointsofViewlXXVISpecialPropertiesofVocabularies5/25/20231621世纪的英语词汇学l第三部分介

15、绍了词汇与语法的关系：lXXXV.LexiconandGrammarI:TheAnalysisofLexicalUnitslXXXVI.LexiconandGrammarII:ChangingLexicalUnitslXXXVII.LexiconandGrammarIII:TheCombinationofLexicalUnitsl第四部分介绍了心理词汇：lXXXVIII.MentalLexiconI:TheWordlXXXIX.MentalLexiconII:TheVocabularylXL.MentalLexiconIII:AcquisitionandLossl第五部分介绍了词汇学跟其他学科

16、的关系：lXLI.LexicologyandNeighbouringDisciplinesl最后还附有索引：lIndexofnameslIndexoftopics5/25/20231821世纪的英语词汇学P.Hanks,ed.Lexicology-Critical Concepts in Linguistics6vols.Publisher:Routledge(2008)第第第第二二二二本本本本5/25/20231921世纪的英语词汇学lThisnewRoutledgeMajorWorkisasix-volumecollection（2768pages)ofnearlyonehundredpa

17、pers,articles,andextractscoveringeveryaspectoflexicology.lItrangesoverphilosophyoflanguage,prototypetheory,artificialintelligence,cognitivelinguistics,systemiclinguistics,structuralism(EuropeanandAmerican),generativelexicontheory,meaning-texttheory,naturalsemanticmetalanguagetheory,computationalling

18、uistics,corpuslinguistics,andchildlanguageacquisition.lCarefullyeditedextractsfromwritingsonthelexiconbyAristotle,Wilkins,Leibniz,andWittgensteinmakethecentralobservationsofthesegreatthinkersreadilyavailabletoscholarsandstudents.lAndmajorarticlesbylexicalsemanticfieldtheorists(Trier,Porzig,Gipper,an

19、dCoseriu)aremadeavailableforthefirsttimeinEnglishtranslation.lAgeneralintroductionbyPatrickHanks,aleadingscholarinthefield,givesacomprehensiveoverviewofthesubjectanditsmainissues5/25/20232021世纪的英语词汇学lVolume1:PhilosophyandWordMeaninglPart1:FoundationslPart2:BeyondNecessaryConditionslPart3:Variability

20、andVaguenesslVolume2:LexicalSemanticsandStructureslPart4:SemanticFieldTheorylPart5:StructuralistSemanticslPart6:ComponentialAnalysisofKinshiplPart7:TheLexiconinEarlyGenerativeGrammar:MarkereselPart8:TheLexiconinModernGenerativeTheorylVolume3:CoreMeaning,ExtendedMeaninglPart9:PrimesandUniversalslPart

21、10:PolysemylPart11:Cross-LinguisticComparativeLexicology5/25/20232121世纪的英语词汇学lVolume4:SyntagmaticslPart12:Syntagmatics:TheFirthianTraditionlPart13:LexiconGrammarlPart14:FrameSemanticslPart15:Preferences,Meaning,andContextlVolume5:CognitionandtheLexiconlPart16:ChildLanguageAcquisitionlPart17:Prototyp

22、esandStereotypeslPart18:TheMentalLexiconlVolume6:FormalApproachestotheLexiconlPart19:Meaning-TextTheorylPart20:StatisticsofWordAssociationlPart21:LexicalResourcesforComputationalLanguageProcessinglPart22:ComputationalRepresentationoftheLexicon5/25/20232221世纪的英语词汇学lPart1:Foundationsl1.Aristotle(4thce

23、nturyBC),MeaningandEssence,excerptsfromAristotleswritings,selected,arranged,andeditedbyEkateriniStathi(Berlin,2005)l2.Porphyry,Eisagoge,IntroductiontoAristotlesCategories,trans.J.Barnes(Oxford,2003),pp.319l3.JohnWilkins(1668),excerptsfromEssayTowardsaRealCharacter,andaPhilosophicalLanguage(London:Th

24、eRoyalSociety)l4.JohnLocke(1690),Ofthesignificationofwords,Chapters1to5fromBookIIIoftheEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding,andTableofContentsofBookIII(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1975),pp.40238l5.GottfriedWilhelmLeibniz(1704),excerptsfromTablededefinitions,inLouisCouturat(ed.),Opusculesetfragmentsind

25、itsdeLeibniz(Paris:FelixAlcan,1903),selectedbyDonaldRutherford,trans.EmilyRutherfordl6.LouisCouturat(1903),excerptsfromTheLogicofLeibniz,trans.DonaldRutherfordandTimothyMonroe,publishedontheInternet(19972002)l7.BertrandRussell,WordsandMeaning,TheAnalysisofMind(London:Allen&Unwin,1922),pp.135445/25/2

26、0232421世纪的英语词汇学lPart2:BeyondNecessaryConditionsl8.LudwigWittgenstein,excerptsfromPhilosophicalInvestigations,selectedandeditedbyYorickWilks(Oxford,2005)l9.WillardvanOrmanQuine(1940),UseVersusMention,inWillardvanOrmanQuine,MathematicalLogic(NewYork:Norton)l10.WillardvanOrmanQuine,excerptsfromWordandO

27、bject(Cambridge,MA:MITPress,1960),pp.517;8095;11434l11.HilaryPutnam(1970),IsSemanticsPossible?,inH.KieferandM.Munitz(eds.),Languages,BelieveandMetaphysics,VolumeIofContemporaryPhilosophicThought:TheInternationalPhilosophyYearConferencesatBrockport(reprintedinMind,LanguageandReality(Cambridge:Cambrid

28、geUniversityPress,1975),pp.13952)l12.HilaryPutnam(1975),TheMeaningofMeaning,inK.Gunderson(ed.),Language,Mind,andKnowledge,MinnesotaStudiesinthePhilosophyofScience,VII(UniversityofMinnesotaPress)(reprintedinMind,LanguageandReality(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress),pp.21571)l13.J.L.Austin,Performati

29、ve-constative,inCharlesE.Caton(ed.),PhilosophyandOrdinaryLanguage,trans.G.J.Warnock(Urbana,IL:UniversityofIllinoisPress,1963),pp.22545/25/20232521世纪的英语词汇学lPart3:VariabilityandVaguenessl14.JorgeLuisBorges,TheAnalyticalLanguageofJohnWilkins,inJorgeLuisBorges,OtherInquisitions:19371952,trans.RuthL.Simm

30、s(NewYork:Simon&Schuster,1964),pp.1015l15.WilliamLabov,TheBoundariesofWordsandtheirMeanings,inC.-J.BaileyandR.Shuy(eds.),NewWaysofAnalyzingVariationinEnglish(WashingtonDC:GeorgetownUniversityPress,1973),pp.34073l16.AnnaWierzbicka,PrecisioninVagueness,JournalofPragmatics,10,1986,pp.597613l17.AnnaWier

31、zbicka,extractsfromIntroductionandThePromiseGroup,inEnglishSpeechActVerbs(Sydney:AcademicPress,1987),pp.126;302;20513l18.TimothyWilliamson,Vagueness,IndeterminacyandSocialMeaning,inColinB.GrantandDonaldMcLaughlin(eds.),LanguageMeaningSocialConstruction:InterdisciplinaryStudies(Amsterdam:Rodopi,2001)

32、,pp.61765/25/20232621世纪的英语词汇学lPart4:SemanticFieldTheoryl19.WalterPorzig,IntrinsicSemanticRelations,trans.ElkeGehweiler(originallypublishedasWesenhafteBedeutungsbeziehungen,BeitrgezurdeutschenSpracheundLiteratur,58,1934,pp.7097)l20.JostTrier,TheLinguisticField:AnInvestigation,trans.ElkeGehweiler(orig

33、inallypublishedasDasSprachlicheFeld:EineAuseinandersetzung,NeueJahrbcherfrWissenschaftundJugendbildung,10,1934,pp.42849)l21.HelmutGipper,SesseloderStuhl?AContributiontotheDefinitionofWordContentsintheObjectWorld,trans.ElkeGehweiler(originallypublishedasSesseloderStuhl?EinBeitragzurBestimmungvonWorti

34、nhaltenimBereichderSachkultur,inHelmutGipper(ed.),Sprache:SchlsselzurWelt;FestschriftfrLeoWeisgerber(Dsseldorf:PdagogischerVerlagSchwann,1959),pp.27192)l22.WolfgangWildgen,TheHistoryandFutureofFieldSemantics:FromGiordanoBrunotoDynamicSemantics,inL.Albertazzi(ed.),MeaningandCognition:AMultidisciplina

35、ryApproach(Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins,2000),pp.203265/25/20232821世纪的英语词汇学lPart5:StructuralistSemanticsl23.LouisHjelmslev,Dansquellemsurelessignificationsdesmotseuventelletreconsiderescommeformantunestructure?,inEvaSivertsenetal.(eds.),ProceedingsoftheEighthInternationalCongressofLinguists(Oslo:OsloUniv

36、ersityPress,1958),pp.63654l24.BernardPottier,Versunesmantiquemoderne,inTravauxdelinguistiqueetdeLittrature,2,1,1964,pp.10737l25.EugenioCoseriu,TowardsaStructuralistDiachronicDemantics,trans.PatrickHanks(originallypublishedasPourunesmantiquediachroniquestructuraleinTravauxdelinguistiqueetdelittrature

37、(CentredePhilologieetdeLittraturesRomanesdelUniversitdeStrasbourg,II/1,1964),pp.13986)l26.JohnLyons,Semanticstructure,inIntroductiontoTheoreticalLinguistics(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1969),pp.443815/25/20232921世纪的英语词汇学lPart8:TheLexiconinModernGenerativeTheoryl32.JamesPustejovsky,TheGenerati

38、veLexicon,ComputationalLinguistics,17,4,1991,pp.40941l33.RayJackendoff,WhatsintheLexicon?,inSiebNootebom,FredWeerman,andFrankWijnen(eds.),StorageandComputationintheLanguageFaculty(Dordrecht:Kluwer,2002),pp.23585/25/20233121世纪的英语词汇学Volume3:COREMEANING,EXTENDEDMEANINGl第第3卷卷核心意义和引申意义核心意义和引申意义l第3卷共3个部分，

39、详尽说明第1卷和第2卷所讨论的内容，特别讨论了语义基元（semanticprimitives）和自然语言中的多义词问题。另外，第3卷还从人类学视角对词汇学进行研究。5/25/20233221世纪的英语词汇学lPart9:PrimesandUniversalsl34.AndrzejBoguslawski,OnSemanticPrimitivesandMeaningfulness,inA.J.Greimas,R.Jacobson,M.R.Mayenowaetal.(eds.),Sign,Language,Culture(TheHague:MoutondeGruyter,1970),pp.14352

40、l35.JurijD.Apresjan,OntheLanguageofExplicationsandSemanticPrimitives,inSystematicLexicography(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2000),pp.21523l36.AnnaWierzbicka(1995),UniversalSemanticPrimitivesasaBasisforLexicalSemantics,FoliaLinguistica,29,12,pp.14969l37.StephenG.Pulman,LexicalDecomposition:ForandAgain

41、st,inJohnI.Tait(ed.),ChartingaNewCourse:NaturalLanguageProcessingandInformationRetrieval:EssaysinHonourofKarenSprckJones(Dordrecht:KluwerAcademic/Springer,2005),pp.15574l38.DanielleCorbinandMartineTemple,Lemondedesmotsetdessensconstruits:catgoriessmantiques,catgoriesrfrentielles,Cahiersdelexicologie

42、,65,1994,pp.21336l39.CliffGoddard,Lexico-semanticuniversals:acriticaloverview,LinguisticTypology,5,1,2005,pp.1665/25/20233321世纪的英语词汇学lPart10:Polysemyl40.JurijD.Apresjan,RegularPolysemy,Linguistics,142,1973,pp.532l41.JiweiCi,SynonymyandPolysemy,Lingua,72,1987,pp.31531l42.PaulD.Deane,PolysemyandCognit

43、ion,Lingua,75,1988,pp.32561l43.AdrienneLehrer,Polysemy,Conventionality,andtheStructureoftheLexicon,CognitiveLinguistics,12,1990,pp.20746l44.DirkGeeraerts,VaguenesssPuzzles,PolysemysVagaries,CognitiveLinguistics,4,1993,pp.22372l45.DavidTuggy,Ambiguity,Polysemy,andVagueness,CognitiveLinguistics,4,1993

44、,pp.27390lPart11:Cross-LinguisticComparativeLexicologyl46.CecilH.Brown,LexicalTypologyFromanAnthropologicalPointofView,SprachtypologieundSprachuniversalien(Berlin,NewYork:DeGruyter,2001),pp.117890l47.CliffGoddard,ThinkingAcrossLanguagesandCultures:SixDimensionsofVariation,CognitiveLinguistics,14,2/3

45、,2002,pp.109405/25/20233421世纪的英语词汇学Volume4:SYNTAGMATICSl第第4卷卷组合理论组合理论l第4卷分4个部分，探讨词的横组合关系。5/25/20233521世纪的英语词汇学lPart12:Syntagmatics:TheFirthianTraditionl48.MichaelHalliday,LexisasaLinguisticLevel,inC.E.Bazell,J.C.Catford,M.A.K.Halliday,andR.H.Robins(eds.),InMemoryofJ.R.Firth(London:Longman,1966),pp.1

46、4862l49.JohnSinclair,BeginningtheStudyofLexis,inC.E.Bazell,J.C.Catford,M.A.K.Halliday,andR.H.Robins(eds.),InMemoryofJ.R.Firth(London:Longman,1966),pp.41030l50.EugeneO.Winter,ALookattheRoleofCertainWordsinInformationStructure,inK.P.JonesandV.Horsnell(eds.),Informatics3:ProceedingsofaConferenceHeldbyt

47、heAslibCo-ordinateIndexingGroup(1978),pp.8597l51.JohnSinclair,TheLexicalItem,inEddaWeigand(ed.),ContrastiveLexicalSemantics(Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins,1998),pp.124l52.MichaelHoey,TheTextualPrimingofLexis,inGuyAston,SilviaBernardini,andDominicStewart(eds.),CorporaandLanguageLearners(Amsterdam:JohnBenjam

48、ins,2004),pp.2141l53.AlanPartington,UtterlyContentinEachOthersCompany:SemanticProsodyandSemanticPreference,InternationalJournalofCorpusLinguistics,9,1,2004,pp.131565/25/20233621世纪的英语词汇学lPart13:LexiconGrammarl54.MauriceGross,ConstructingLexicon-Grammars,inB.T.S.AtkinsandA.Zampolli(eds.),Computational

49、ApproachestotheLexicon(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1993),pp.21363l55.ChristianLeclre,OrganizationoftheLexicon-GrammarofFrenchVerbs,LingvisticaeInvestigationes,25:1(Amsterdam,Philadelphia:JohnBenjamins,2002),pp.2948l56.RichardHudson(2002),BuyingandSellinginWordGrammar,inJzsefAndorandPeterPelyvs(eds.

50、),EmpiricalCognitive-BasedStudiesintheSemantics-PragmaticsInterface(Oxford:ElsevierScience,2006)lPart14:FrameSemanticsl57.CharlesJ.Fillmore,AnAlternativetoChecklistTheoriesofMeaning,PapersfromtheFirstAnnualMeetingoftheBerkeleyLinguisticsSociety,1975,pp.12332l58.BerylAtkinsandCharlesJ.Fillmore,Toward