图表写作技巧与训练(s).ppt

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1、n n持续变化的持续变化的持续变化的持续变化的datadatadatadata在不同情况下在不同情况下在不同情况下在不同情况下:n n上升：上升：上升：上升：anincrease/arise/agrowth/animprovement/ananincrease/arise/agrowth/animprovement/anupwardtrend/togo/growupupwardtrend/togo/growupn n快速上升快速上升快速上升快速上升:asurge/anupsurge/ajump/aleap/tosurge/asurge/anupsurge/ajump/aleap/tosurge

2、/totakeoff/tosoar/torocket/totakeoff/tosoar/torocket/n n下降：下降：下降：下降：adecrease/afall/adrop/adecline/adownturn/aadecrease/afall/adrop/adecline/adownturn/adownwardtrend/togo(grow)down/toslip/tobeindownwardtrend/togo(grow)down/toslip/tobeindeclinedeclinen n快速下降：快速下降：快速下降：快速下降：aplunge/aslump/acrash/atumb

3、le/toaplunge/aslump/acrash/atumble/toplummet/toplunge/toslump/tosinkplummet/toplunge/toslump/tosinkn n顶端顶端顶端顶端：topeak/toreachatopeak/toreachapeak(highpoint)peak(highpoint)/totopout/totopout（达达达达到极限到极限到极限到极限 ）n n低谷：低谷：低谷：低谷：toreachatoreachalowpoint(thebottom)lowpoint(thebottom)/tobottomout/tobottomou

4、t/hithitatroughatrough（降到最低点降到最低点降到最低点降到最低点/低谷低谷低谷低谷 ）n n反弹反弹反弹反弹：torecover/torebound/torevive/tospringbacktorecover/torebound/torevive/tospringbackn n波动：波动：波动：波动：fluctuate/undulate/wave.fluctuate/undulate/wave.图表发展趋势万能表达图表发展趋势万能表达n n稳定：稳定：稳定：稳定：remainstable(steady)/stabilize/leveloff/staytheremains

5、table(steady)/stabilize/leveloff/staythesame/same/reachaplateaureachaplateau /TherewasTherewaslittlechange/hardlylittlechange/hardlyanychange/nochangeanychange/nochangeinthenumberofinthenumberofXXXXXXfrom(from(第一时第一时第一时第一时间间间间)to()to(第二时间第二时间第二时间第二时间)/between()/between(第一时间第一时间第一时间第一时间)and()and(第二时间

6、第二时间第二时间第二时间)n n程度程度程度程度：dramatic/considerabledramatic/considerable（相当大的（相当大的（相当大的（相当大的）/significant/significant（重大的（重大的（重大的（重大的）/moderate/moderate（适度的（适度的（适度的（适度的）/slight/slight（轻微的（轻微的（轻微的（轻微的）/dramaticallydramatically（/sharp/sharp）/（剧烈地（剧烈地（剧烈地（剧烈地）n ndatadata在某一个时间段固定不变：在某一个时间段固定不变：在某一个时间段固定不变：在

7、某一个时间段固定不变：fixedintimefixedintimen n在一系列的时间段中转变：在一系列的时间段中转变：在一系列的时间段中转变：在一系列的时间段中转变：changesovertimechangesovertimen n最常用的两种表达法：最常用的两种表达法：最常用的两种表达法：最常用的两种表达法：n n1)1)动词动词动词动词+副词形式副词形式副词形式副词形式(Verb+Adv.form)(Verb+Adv.form)n ne.g.1Thenumberofe.g.1ThenumberofXXXXXX+increase/jump/rise/decreaseincrease/jum

8、p/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuate/drop/fall/fluctuate.+insignificantly/significantly/+insignificantly/significantly/slightly/suddenly/rapidly/dramatically/sharply/steeplyslightly/suddenly/rapidly/dramatically/sharply/steeply/steadily/gradually/slowly/steadily/gradually/slowly.+from(from(第一时间第一时间第一

9、时间第一时间)to()to(第二时间第二时间第二时间第二时间)/between()/between(第一时间第一时间第一时间第一时间)and()and(第二时间第二时间第二时间第二时间)5)5)ByBy comparisoncomparison withwith.,.,the the figure figure increasedincreased threethree times.times.AsAs againstagainst.,.,the percentage the percentage decreaseddecreased sharply.sharply.ComparedCompa

10、red withwith turnout(turnout(产量产量产量产量 )fellfell almostalmost two-fold(two-fold(两倍的两倍的两倍的两倍的 ).).doubled doubled tripledtripled n n2)2)形容词形容词形容词形容词+名词形式名词形式名词形式名词形式(Adj.+N.form)(Adj.+N.form)n nTherewasa(very)Therewasa(very)sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/stee

11、p/steady/gradual/slow/slight/sharp/steep/steady/gradual/slow/slight/minimal/minimal/smallsmall+rise/increase/rise/increase/jump(jump(暴涨暴涨暴涨暴涨 )/decrease/decline/decrease/decline/drop/reduction/fall/fluctuationdrop/reduction/fall/fluctuation+inthenumberofinthenumberofXXXXXX from(from(第一时间第一时间第一时间第一时间

12、)to()to(第二时间第二时间第二时间第二时间)/between()/between(第一时间第一时间第一时间第一时间)and()and(第二第二第二第二时间时间时间时间)n n此外，在描述过程中还有很多的此外，在描述过程中还有很多的此外，在描述过程中还有很多的此外，在描述过程中还有很多的conjunctionalwords/conjunctionalwords/sentencessentences，最常用的固定搭配如下：，最常用的固定搭配如下：，最常用的固定搭配如下：，最常用的固定搭配如下：n n并列：并列：并列：并列：aswellas(aswellas(句首句首句首句首/中中中中)/al

13、so/aswell()/also/aswell(句尾句尾句尾句尾)/either/)/either/neither/too/moreover/furthermore/inaddition/neither/too/moreover/furthermore/inaddition/additionally/besides/whatsmore/apartfrom.additionally/besides/whatsmore/apartfrom.n n举例：举例：举例：举例：forforexample/instanceexample/instance/toillustrate/asan/toillust

14、rate/asanillustration/inparticular/particularly/especially/aboveallillustration/inparticular/particularly/especially/abovealln n事实：事实：事实：事实：asamatteroffact/inasamatteroffact/infact/effectfact/effect/actually/actually/virtually/as(so)longas.virtually/as(so)longas.n n雷同雷同雷同雷同/近似：近似：近似：近似：similarly,lik

15、ewise(similarly,likewise(句首句首句首句首/尾尾尾尾),atthesametime,),atthesametime,equally.equally.n n转折：转折：转折：转折：however,whereas,nevertheless/nonethelesshowever,whereas,nevertheless/nonetheless（然然然然而）而）而）而）,although/,although/（eveneven）though,while,yet,onthethough,while,yet,onthecontrary/incontrastcontrary/inco

16、ntrast（相反相反相反相反）,contrarily/conversely,contrarily/conversely（相相相相反地反地反地反地）,ontheotherhand,unlikely,ontheotherhand,unlikely（未必未必未必未必）,instead(of),in,instead(of),inspiteof/despitespiteof/despite（尽管，不管，不顾）（尽管，不管，不顾）（尽管，不管，不顾）（尽管，不管，不顾）.n n原因与结果原因与结果原因与结果原因与结果:1)cause-suggestion(1)cause-suggestion(几乎不常用

17、几乎不常用几乎不常用几乎不常用)n nsince/nowthat.since/nowthat.，Ihope/myhopeisthat.Ihope/myhopeisthat.n nbecauseof/onaccountof/owingto/thankstobecauseof/onaccountof/owingto/thanksto（由于，幸由于，幸由于，幸由于，幸亏亏亏亏 ）+(doing)sth/onthegroundthat,+(doing)sth/onthegroundthat,Ihope/myhopeIhope/myhopeisthat.isthat.2)cause-effect(2)c

18、ause-effect(较常用较常用较常用较常用)n nXXXleadto/bringabout/resultin/accountfor.XXXleadto/bringabout/resultin/accountfor.n n(一个句子一个句子一个句子一个句子),therefore/thus/hence/asaresult/),therefore/thus/hence/asaresult/consequently/(and)so.consequently/(and)so.InIn short,short,wewe cancan saysay thatthat.InIn conclusion,c

19、onclusion,it it cancan bebe said said thatthat.OnOn thethe whole,whole,it it maymay bebe statedstated thatthat.InIn a a word,word,there there isis nono doubtdoubt thatthat.InIn brief,brief,peoplepeople cancan saysay withwith certaintycertainty thatthat.ToTo sumsum up,up,no no oneone willwill denyden

20、y thatthat.Finally,Finally,AsAs a a result,result,it it can/may/mightcan/may/might bebe concluded concluded that.that.deduceddeduced inferred inferred estimatedestimated Therefore,Therefore,OnOn thisthis basis,basis,Given Given this,this,Hence,Hence,Consequently,Consequently,n n3)effect-cause(3)effe

21、ct-cause(较常用较常用较常用较常用)n nXXXXXX becausedby/resultfrom/betheresultof/bethebecausedby/resultfrom/betheresultof/betheeffectof/betheconsequenceofeffectof/betheconsequenceof.n n(一个句子一个句子一个句子一个句子),),because.because.n nitis+adj.that.itis+adj.that.ItisItisunimaginableunimaginablethat.that.ItisItisundeniable

22、undeniablethat.that.ItisItisinterestingtodiscoverinterestingtodiscoverthat.that.n n其它：其它：其它：其它：n nThe/aThe/acurve(line)graph(curve(line)graph(曲线图表曲线图表曲线图表曲线图表 )/piegraph()/piegraph(饼图饼图饼图饼图 )/bar)/barchartchart（graphgraph）,histogram(histogram(统计统计统计统计 直方图；柱状图直方图；柱状图直方图；柱状图直方图；柱状图 )/table/table/diagr

23、am(diagram(图表图表图表图表 )/graph/chart/)/graph/chart/proportion/rateproportion/rate/percentage/statisticspercentage/statistics.showsthechangesinthenumbershowsthechangesinthenumberof.overtheperiodfrom.to.of.overtheperiodfrom.to.n n但是大家要注意：有的考生会用但是大家要注意：有的考生会用但是大家要注意：有的考生会用但是大家要注意：有的考生会用“ratio”(ratio”(比率比率

24、比率比率)，甚至是，甚至是，甚至是，甚至是“number”number”和和和和“figure”figure”来代替，这样表达就不确切了，是会失来代替，这样表达就不确切了，是会失来代替，这样表达就不确切了，是会失来代替，这样表达就不确切了，是会失分的。分的。分的。分的。n nThisisThisiswhichdescribesthetrendof.whichdescribesthetrendof.n nAsisAsisshown/demonstrated/exhibitedshown/demonstrated/exhibitedinin，it it canbecanbeseen/represe

25、nts/seen/represents/illustrates/shows/depictsillustrates/shows/depictsthat.that.n nprovidessomeinterestingdataregarding.providessomeinterestingdataregarding.n nAccordingtoAccordingto，i itistis clear/apparentclear/apparent fromthefromthefigures/figures/percentage/statisticspercentage/statistics(that)

26、(that)n nItcanbeseenfromItcanbeseenfrom thechartthechart/diagram/data/figures/diagram/data/figures/graph/picture/histogram/statistics/graph/picture/histogram/statistics/thatthatn n AccordingtoAccordingtothethechart/diagram/figures/graph,chart/diagram/figures/graph,AsshowninAsshowninAsindicatedbyAsin

27、dicatedbyAscanbeseeninAscanbeseeninn nTheThechart/diagram/figures/graphchart/diagram/figures/graph tellsustellsus that.that.indicatesindicatesrevealsreveals showsshowsconveysthemessagesconveysthemessagesnRevisetheFollowingSentencesn ne.g.1e.g.1WeakWeak：Ascanbeseenfromthetablechart,itgivesustheAscanb

28、eseenfromthetablechart,itgivesusthepercentageofnationalconsumerexperiencebycategorypercentageofnationalconsumerexperiencebycategoryin2002infivedifferentcountries.in2002infivedifferentcountries.RevisionRevision：AsAscancanbebeseenseenfromfromthethe tabletable,it cancanbebeseenseen/representsrepresents

29、thatthat thethe percentagepercentages s ofof nationalnational consumerconsumer experienceexperience bybycategorycategoryinfivedifferentcountriesin2002infivedifferentcountriesin2002.说说说说明明明明：“table”table”就就就就是是是是表表表表格格格格，“tabletablechart”chart”是是是是画画画画蛇蛇蛇蛇添添添添足足足足；“us”us”一一一一词词词词，感感感感觉觉觉觉倒倒倒倒是是是是亲亲亲亲

30、民民民民派派派派系系系系，考考考考官官官官考考考考生生生生一一一一家家家家人人人人啊啊啊啊。写写作作是是半半学学术术文文体体，这这词词总总有有点点较较为为随随意意。所所以以，宁宁为为被被动动，隐隐去去施施动动者者，换换成成itcanbeseen,或或是是itrepresentsthat等等句句，或或许许会会更更好好点点。当当句句子子中中同同时时有有地地点点状状语语和和时时间间状状语语时时,一一般般要要把把地地点点状状语语放放在在时时间间状状语语之前之前。n n e.g.2e.g.2WeakWeak：Thetreesarebare.Thegrassisbrown.TheThetreesareba

31、re.Thegrassisbrown.Thelandscapeseemsdrab.landscapeseemsdrab.RevisionRevision：n n WeakWeak：Theteammembersaregoodplayers.Theteammembersaregoodplayers.RevisionRevision：WeakWeak：Oneworkersplanistheeliminationoftardiness.Oneworkersplanistheeliminationoftardiness.RevisionRevision：说明：说明：说明：说明：2 2）将作表语用的形容词

32、或名词变为行为动词。将作表语用的形容词或名词变为行为动词。将作表语用的形容词或名词变为行为动词。将作表语用的形容词或名词变为行为动词。Thebrowngrassandbaretreesformadrablandscape.Thebrowngrassandbaretreesformadrablandscape.(转转转转换为前置定语换为前置定语换为前置定语换为前置定语)OrOr：ThelandscapeThelandscape，bareandbrownbareandbrown，beggedforspringbeggedforspringgreen.green.(转换为并列结构作后置定语转换为并列

33、结构作后置定语转换为并列结构作后置定语转换为并列结构作后置定语)说明：说明：说明：说明：避免使用语意弱的避免使用语意弱的避免使用语意弱的避免使用语意弱的“be”be”动词。动词。动词。动词。1 1）把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语。把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语。把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语。把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语。Theteammembersplaywell.Theteammembersplaywell.Oneworkersplaneliminatestardiness.Oneworkersplaneliminatestardiness.n ne.g.5Weak：Thereisnoo

34、pportunityforpromotion.Revision：n nWeak：Herearethebooksyouordered.Revision：n n说明：说明：3）在以在以“here”或或“there”开头的句子开头的句子中，把中，把“be”动词后的名词代词变成改写句的主动词后的名词代词变成改写句的主语。语。翻译下列常用表达翻译下列常用表达Noopportunityforpromotionexists.Noopportunityforpromotionexists.Thebooksyouorderedhavearrived.Thebooksyouorderedhavearrived.n

35、 n1 1、通通通通过过过过第第第第一一一一个个个个曲曲曲曲线线线线图图图图，我我我我们们们们可可可可以以以以知知知知道道道道_,也也也也说说说说明明明明了了了了结结结结果果果果是是是是_n n 2 2、一一一一张张张张有有有有趣趣趣趣、有有有有教教教教育育育育意意意意义义义义的的的的、(内内内内容容容容)的的的的图图图图片片片片(这这这这句句句句模模模模板板板板在在在在雅雅雅雅思思思思小小小小作文中的应用非常的广泛。作文中的应用非常的广泛。作文中的应用非常的广泛。作文中的应用非常的广泛。)n n3 3、当当当当 前前前前 有有有有 一一一一 张张张张 涉涉涉涉 及及及及 _的的的的 增增增增

36、 长长长长 曲曲曲曲 线线线线 图图图图，许许许许 多多多多 人人人人_，然而其他人倾向于，然而其他人倾向于，然而其他人倾向于，然而其他人倾向于_。n n4 4、目目目目 前前前前，共共共共 同同同同 之之之之 处处处处 是是是是 _,许许许许 多多多多 人人人人 喜喜喜喜 欢欢欢欢 _因因因因 为为为为_。除此之外还由于除此之外还由于除此之外还由于除此之外还由于_。n nn nAccordingtothefirstgraph,itcanbeseenthat_Accordingtothefirstgraph,itcanbeseenthat_itcanalsobeconcludedfromitt

37、hatitcanalsobeconcludedfromitthat_.n nThereisaninterestingandinstructivepicturewhichThereisaninterestingandinstructivepicturewhichgoeslikethis:_.goeslikethis:_.n nNowadaysthereisagrowingconcernoverNowadaysthereisagrowingconcernover_.Manypeoplelike_,whileothersareinclinedtoManypeoplelike_,whileothers

38、areinclinedto_.Nowadays,itiscommonto_.ManypeoplelikeNowadays,itiscommonto_.Manypeoplelike_ _ because_.Besides,_.because_.Besides,_.n n5 5、就像许多其他事物，就像许多其他事物，就像许多其他事物，就像许多其他事物，(图表所示图表所示图表所示图表所示)_)_被被被被_更加喜爱，然而这一观点正被更加喜爱，然而这一观点正被更加喜爱，然而这一观点正被更加喜爱，然而这一观点正被_所抨所抨所抨所抨击，一些人认为击，一些人认为击，一些人认为击，一些人认为_，他们指出，他们指出

39、，他们指出，他们指出_._.n n6 6、每种事物都有两面性，而每种事物都有两面性，而每种事物都有两面性，而每种事物都有两面性，而_也不例外，包括也不例外，包括也不例外，包括也不例外，包括利和弊。利和弊。利和弊。利和弊。n n7 7、_作为作为作为作为_被观察了许多年，但是人被观察了许多年，但是人被观察了许多年，但是人被观察了许多年，但是人们现在像发现新大陆一样注视着它。们现在像发现新大陆一样注视着它。们现在像发现新大陆一样注视着它。们现在像发现新大陆一样注视着它。n n_，justlikemanyotherthings,arepreferredjustlikemanyotherthings,

40、arepreferredbyby _.WhilebeingattackedbytheideathatWhilebeingattackedbytheideathat_,somepeopleconsider_,somepeopleconsider_.Theypointthat_.Theypointthat_.n nEverythinghastwosidesand_isnotanEverythinghastwosidesand_isnotanexception.Ithasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.exception.Ithasbothadvantagesanddi

41、sadvantages.n nForyears_hadbeenviewedasForyears_hadbeenviewedas_.Butpeoplearetakingafreshlookatitnow._.Butpeoplearetakingafreshlookatitnow.n n8 8、政府保证政府保证政府保证政府保证_，对于这份保证，大多数人做出了强烈地，对于这份保证，大多数人做出了强烈地，对于这份保证，大多数人做出了强烈地，对于这份保证，大多数人做出了强烈地回应，因为回应，因为回应，因为回应，因为_。n n9 9、_出现在我们日常生活中是很平常的，无论我们做什出现在我们日常生活中是很平

42、常的，无论我们做什出现在我们日常生活中是很平常的，无论我们做什出现在我们日常生活中是很平常的，无论我们做什么，么，么，么，_都是不可避免的。都是不可避免的。都是不可避免的。都是不可避免的。n n1010、_在人群中已经成为热门话题，特别是在年轻人中，激在人群中已经成为热门话题，特别是在年轻人中，激在人群中已经成为热门话题，特别是在年轻人中，激在人群中已经成为热门话题，特别是在年轻人中，激烈的争论无休止。烈的争论无休止。烈的争论无休止。烈的争论无休止。n nIthasstipulatedbythegovernmentthat_.Ithasstipulatedbythegovernmentthat

43、_.TothisstipulationTothisstipulation，manypeoplerespondactivelybecausemanypeoplerespondactivelybecause_._.n n_isacommonoccurrenceinourdailylife._isacommonoccurrenceinourdailylife.WhateverwedoWhateverwedo，_cantbeavoided._cantbeavoided.n n_hasbecomeahottopicamongpeople_hasbecomeahottopicamongpeople，esp

44、eciallyamongtheyoungespeciallyamongtheyoung，andheateddebatesarerightandheateddebatesarerightontheirway.ontheirway.n nRecently,asurveyhasbeendonetofindout_(Recently,asurveyhasbeendonetofindout_(thethetopictopic).().(students/peoplestudents/people)wereinterviewedtoanswerthe)wereinterviewedtoanswertheq

45、uestion_.Asisquestion_.Asisshown/indicated/illustratedshown/indicated/illustratedbythebythefigure/percentagefigure/percentageintheinthetable/graph/picture/pie/charttable/graph/picture/pie/chart，_(_(thetopicthetopic)hasbeenonrise/decrease)hasbeenonrise/decrease（rising/rising/decreasingdecreasing）(goe

46、sup/increases/drops/decreasesgoesup/increases/drops/decreases),),significantly/dramatically/steadilysignificantly/dramatically/steadilyfrom_in_tofrom_in_to_in_._in_.FromtheFromthesharp/markedsharp/markeddecline/riseinthedecline/riseinthechart,itgoeswithoutsayingthat.chart,itgoeswithoutsayingthat.n n

47、ThereareatleasttwogoodreasonsaccountingforThereareatleasttwogoodreasonsaccountingfor_._.OntheonehandOntheonehand,OntheotherhandOntheotherhand,_isdueto,_isduetothefactthatthefactthatInadditionInaddition,_isresponsiblefor_.,_isresponsiblefor_.MaybetherearesomeotherreasonsMaybetherearesomeotherreasonst

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