商业银行资本管理 (2).ppt
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1、1/42 商业银行资本管理 2/34Main Contents1.What Is the Function of Bank Capital?2.How Much Capital Is Adequate?3.The Effect of Capital Requirements on Bank Operating Policiesn 资本充足率管理办法n 新资本协议问答 n 银监会关于新资本协议的意见3/34The function of bank capitaln Reduce bank risk.n Three basic ways:n A cushion to absorb losses a
2、nd remain solventn Increases the proportion of allowable problem assets that can default before equity is depleted.n 吸收非预期损失n A ready access to financial markets and thus guards against liquidity problemsn Constrains growth and limits risk taking4/34Impact of loan loss on capitalCapital:4Total:100 T
3、otal:100Borrowings:16 Other:40Deposits:80 Loans:60Liabilities Assets5/34Balance Sheet of Big Four:2002/12/31Assets Liabilities100 m%100m%Loans 81,549 60.2 Deposits 110,252 81.4Other 53,946 30.8 Borrowings 20,162 14.9Capital 5,082 3.8Total 135,495 100 Total 135,495 1006/34US banks:Capital/Assets(%)7/
4、34Impact of loan loss on capital:1%Capital:3.44Total:99.6100 Total:99.6100Borrowings:16 Other:40Deposits:80 Loans:59.460Liabilities Assets8/34Impact of loan loss on capital:6.7%Capital:04Total:96100 Total:96100Borrowings:16 Other:40Deposits:80 Loans:5660Liabilities Assets9/34Impact of loan loss on c
5、apital:10%Capital:-2 4 Total:94100 Total:94100Borrowings:16 Other:40Deposits:80 Loans:5460Liabilities Assets10/34Impact of loan loss on capital:10%Capital:-2 4 Total:102100 Total:102100Borrowings:16 Other:40Deposits:80Deposits:8Loans:5460 Loans:8Liabilities Assets11/34Ready access to financial marke
6、tsn Adequate bank capital minimizes operating problems by providing ready access to financial markets.n As long as a banks capital exceeds the regulatory minimums,it can stay open and has the potential to generate earnings to cover losses and expand.n Failures are tied directly to market values,not
7、accounting values.n When regulators guarantee bank debt,capital is meaningless.Capital serves the same purpose as federal guarantees when regulatory assistance is not openly provided.12/34Constrains growth and reduces riskn Equity is expensiven Expected asset returns must be high to justify the fina
8、ncing.n Capital providers will exert market discipline over banks.n Rigid capital requirementsn Constrain growthn Reduce risks13/34How much capital is adequate?n 银行和监管当局的技术难题n 如何决定足够防御非预期损失所需的资本量?n 如果资本水平太低n 银行可能不能够吸收大额的损失,增加了银行倒闭的风险,其后果是存款人承担风险。n 如果资本水平太高n 银行也许不能够最有效地使用资源,限制了其发放贷款的能力。14/34How much
9、capital is adequate?n Reasons for less equityn With fewer fixed costs,operating risk is lower.n Deposit insurance and other policy:cash flown Reasons for more equityn Market value of bank assets is more volatilen Sources of funds are more volatile15/34How much capital is adequate?n Regulators prefer
10、 more capitaln Safety of banksn Viability of the insurance fundn Stability of financial marketsn Bankers prefer less capitaln Leverage improves profitabilityn How about depositors?n Not too much,not too littlen Adequate16/34Capital v.s.risksn How much capital is adequate depends on how much risk the
11、 bank assumes.n Quality of assetsn Access to liquid fundsn Matches in asset and liability maturities and durationsn Operational riskn CAMELS17/34Risk-based requirements:weaknessesn Account for limited risksn Book value of capital ignoresn changes in the market value of assetsn the value of unrealize
12、d gains or losses on held-to-maturity bank investmentsn the value of a bank chartern the value of federal deposit insurancen accounting ploysn By 2001,93%of all banks are well-capitalized.n They have few risk-based incentives to control risk.18/34Capital&bank operating policyn The Effect of Capital
13、Requirements on Bank Operating Policiesn Limiting Asset Growthn Changing the Capital Mixn Changing Asset Compositionn Pricing Policiesn Shrinking the Bank19/34Limiting asset growthn Asset growth is limited to some percentage of retained earnings plus new external capital.n Option I:increase capitaln
14、 Higher returns:riskier assets or more servicesn Decrease dividendsn Issue new capitaln Option II:not to grow20/34Changing the capital mixn Large banksn Public offeringsn Convertible bondsn Small banksn Existing shareholdersn Bank customersn Upstream correspondent banksn Holding company.n Sale and l
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