新型节水钻探技术水力机械特性研究--毕业论文设计.doc
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1、分类号: 密 级: UDC: 中国地质大学硕士学位论文新型节水钻探技术水力机械特性研究硕士生: 学科专业:防灾减灾工程及防护工程指导教师: 教授 所在学院:工程学院二八年五月学校代码:10491 研究生学号:120050262 中国地质大学硕士学位论文新型节水钻探技术水力机械特性研究硕 士 生: 学科专业:防灾减灾工程及防护工程指导教师: 教授二八年五月A Dissertation Submitted to China Universityof Geosciences for the Master Degree of EngineeringNew Water-saving drilling t
2、echnology Hydraulic Mechanical Properties researchMaster Candidate:Xu WeiMajor:Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective EngineeringSupervisor:Prof. Wu XiangChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074 P. R. China研究生学位论文原创性声明我以诚信声明:本人呈交的硕士学位论文是在吴翔导师指导下开展研究工作所取得的研究成果。所引用他人之思路、方法、观点、
3、认识均已在参考文献中明确标注,所引用他人之数据、图件、资料均已征得所有者同意,并且也有明确标注,对论文的完成提供过帮助的有关人员也已在文中说明并致以谢意。 学位论文作者(签字): 签字日期:年月日 新型节水钻探技术水力机械特性研究 摘 要钻孔冲洗是钻井过程的重要组成环节。钻孔冲洗液在孔内的循环的主要作用是清除岩屑、冷却钻头、润滑碎岩工具和孔内钻具以及维护孔壁。采用传统的钻探工艺,都必须消耗大量水。水一直是困扰干旱缺水地区和漏失地层正常钻探的一个重要因素。在干旱缺水的地区进行钻探,如果采用传统的钻探工艺,就必须从其他地方运送大量的水(在西部干旱地区往往要从几十公里外运水),在西部缺水地区1台钻机
4、配两辆水罐车还经常发生停工待水的现象,这样大大增加了钻探成本。另外,如果按照传统的工艺方法,在漏失地层钻进,必须用套管隔离或封孔堵漏的办法处理漏失段,从而极大地增加了施工成本和时间消耗,堵漏材料还会造成环境污染;如果顶漏钻进,则不仅浪费大量的水,增加钻孔成本,而且可能冲垮地层、诱发滑坡等地质灾害。目前国内外钻进漏水孔最经济的办法是实现钻井液在孔底局部循环钻进,即在基本不消耗地表水的前提下,利用孔内地层中的水作为冲洗液,来完成破碎孔内岩石时钻头冷却、携带岩粉和维护孔壁的任务,实现正常钻进。本文研究的节水钻探技术恰恰可以实现孔底局部循环钻进,使用这套钻具进行钻进,可以使钻进过程中的用水量下降520
5、倍。新型节水钻探技术是以传统的钻机、泥浆泵、动力机“三大件”和人造金刚石钻进为基础,在钻具和工具创新上下功夫,在不降低钻探效率,不增加大设备的前提下,便可取得既大量节水、又不扰动地层的效果。该技术是在地面泥浆泵出水阀体上安装脉动器,借助脉动器产生的水锤来驱动孔底潜水柱塞泵实现孔底地下水的局部循环,保证正常钻进。但是在钻进过程中,由于孔内不返水,在地表不好对孔内的工作情况进行判断,只能通过地表的压力变化量来判断,而通过压力的变化值的判断没有量化,判断的精确度不高。通过本文的研究,最终解决通过地表压力变化值来判断孔内工作情况的量化问题,可以更加准确地判断孔内的工作情况,更好地预报事故,减少事故的发
6、生。可以使这套钻具更具有实用性。更快地应用到实际工程中。本文结合国土资源部中国地质调查局地质调查项目“地质灾害防治节水钻探技术研究”项目,旨在借助项目基金的资助,综合运用钻探专业知识、流体力学、液压传动学、机械学及物理学等知识对孔底局部循环节水钻探系统开展研究。研究的主要内容如下:1、新型节水钻探系统钻具的结构和工作原理的研究;2、新型节水钻探系统的各部分压力损失计算公式的推导;3、建立孔底局部循环新型节水钻探系统的压力损失计算的数学模型,在此基础上计算在不同深度工作地表压力的理论上的变化范围,并通过实验验证其准确性;4、讨论潜水泵深度、孔深和地下水埋深三者对地表最大压力的影响,总结出使用这套
7、设备的一些规律。全文共分七章,各章的主要研究内容概述如下:第一章、阐述了论文选题的来源、研究目的、研究的重大意义及国内外研究现状,同时概括了论文的主要研究内容及研究所采用的技术路线。第二章、介绍新型节水钻探钻具的组成部分及各部分的结构和工作原理,并对整套节水钻探系统的工作原理进行详细的说明。第三章、对新型节水钻探技术水力机械特性研究中涉及到的有关流体的概念和原理进行说明,按照相关概念对流体进行分类,对流体力学的三大原理进行推导说明,并对沿程压力损失和局部压力损失的计算公式进行推导证明。第四章、在深入研究节水钻具结构的基础上,结合第三章的理论基础,对节水钻探系统工作时的各个部分的压力损失进行计算
8、,在对整个系统的压力变化进行分析研究后,得出整个系统工作时压力的变化计算公式。 第五章、通过对室内实验得出的数据与理论计算得出的数据进行对比,分析理论计算结果和实验测得数据差异的原因,提出修改方法,并验证修改后的结果与实际结果的差异。第六章、通过假设计算出各种不同工作条件下,地表压力随潜水泵深度、孔深和地下水埋深的变化关系,得出使用这套设备的一些规律,并从理论上分析产生这些规律的原因。第七章、结论与建议,总结了全文的主要研究成果,同时也指出了课题研究过程中存在的不足之处,对进一步的研究工作提出了一些建议。关键词:节水钻探,水力机械,压力计算New Water-saving drilling t
9、echnology Hydraulic Mechanical Properties researchMaster Candidate:Xu Wei Supervisor:Wu XiangABSTRACTHole flushing is a very important component in the course of drilling. The main functions of drilling fluid are discharging cuttings, cooling and lubricating rock broken tools and drilling instrument
10、s, additionally, which can protect hole wall in some conditions. A lot of water will be consumed adopting conventional drilling technology. Water is one of important factors that puzzling normal drilling in droughty area and leak stratum all the time. When drilling in droughty, water scarce area, we
11、 must transport plenty of water from other place if take traditional drilling technology. It often happens that stopping drilling waiting for water at the condition a set of drilling machine equipped with two water tank cars when drilling in west water scarce area, in this way drilling cost will inc
12、rease greatly. Besides, if take traditional drilling technology and methods in leak stratum, we must deal with leak sect by ways of using casing isolate or blocking up with special stuff, consequently, construction cost and consumed time will be increased greatly, furthermore, the stuff used for blo
13、cking up will cause environmental pollution. If drilling at the same time of leaking not only wastes plenty of water but also increases drilling cost, even it is possible to burst stratum and induce geological disasters such as coast etc. At present, the most economical method of drilling leakers is
14、 implementing drilling fluid downhole local circulation, that is, on the condition that not consume surface water, using water contained in stratum in the hole as drilling fluid accomplish the roles of cooling bit, discharging cuttings and protecting hole wall, achieving the aim of normally drilling
15、.The water -saving drilling technology that the article studies may exactly implement circulation drilling locally in the hole. The use of the equipment for drilling can make the process of drilling water consumption drop 5 to 20 times. Water -saving drilling New Technology uses traditional drilling
16、 rigs ,slurry pump ,power rigs and artificial diamond as its base ,making efforts in drilling rigs and tools innovation ,on the premise of no reducing drilling efficiency and no increasing big rigs ,obtaining effect of saving a lot of water ,without disturbing stratum This technology that is about i
17、nstalling pulsator on the mud pump water valve on the ground, with the help of the water hammer made by the pulsator ,to drive submersible pump piston to achieve groundwater at the end of the hole partial-cycle, ensure the drilling normal. However , in the drilling process,because of water in the ho
18、le that does not return to the ground, it is hard to judge the working condition in the hole on the ground . Judging by the change of surface pressure gauge, it is not quantified, so the judgment precision is not high. This study that ultimately solve the problem that judging the value of the operat
19、ion in the hole by the changes of the surface pressure gauge can judge the value of the operation in the hole more accurately , forecast accidents and reduce accidents better. The study can make the drilling set more practical, thus, it can apply to the actual project more quickly.The paper combines
20、 geological investigation project of water -saving drilling technology research for geological disaster prevention and cure, the project belong to China geological investigation bureau of ministry of land and resources, the goal is studying water-saving drilling instrument with downhole local circul
21、ation in virtue of assist of project fund, synthesize utilizing knowledge, such as drilling expertise, hydrodynamics, hydraulic transmission science mechanical and physical knowledge and so on. The mainly researched contents as follow:Firstly, the study on the structure and the working principle of
22、the new water-Saving hole drilling system ;Secondly, the development of the calculation formula about the pressure loss of every part of the new water drilling system ; Thirdly, establish the pressure loss mathematical model of a new circulation of water-saving hole drilling system in a local hole.
23、Based on the work , calculate the range of the theory pressure of the surface gauge pressure of different depths, and do experiments to verify its accuracy; Fourthly, discuss the influence of the biggest pressure of the surface that made by the submersible pumps depth, the hole depth and the groundw
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