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1、有次讲课的时候谈到(完整版)实用资料(可以直接使用,可编辑 完整版实用资料,欢迎下载)有次讲课的时候谈到“脑残”的话题。我个人的理解:脑残是种态度,这个世界太精明了,我们太累了,不如让自己毫无顾忌的放飞一下心情,没有那么多思考,没有那么多理性,就是纯粹的喜欢。所以就不难理解我自己这么多年来对刘德华的偏爱了。分享一首他的歌曲:今天我也做一次“脑残粉”。走过岁月我才发现世界多不完美成功或失败都有一些错觉沧海有多广江湖有多深局中人才了解生命开始情不情愿总要过完一生交出一片心不怕被你误解谁没受过伤谁没流过泪何必要躲在黑暗里自苦又自怜我不断失望不断希望苦自己尝笑与你分享如今站在台上也难免心慌如果要飞得高
2、就该把地平线忘掉等了好久终於等到今天梦了好久终於把梦实现前途漫漫任我闯幸亏还有你在身旁盼了好久终於盼到今天忍了好久终於把梦实现那些不变的风霜早就无所谓累也不说累我不断失望不断希望苦自己尝笑与你分享如今站在台上也难免心慌如果要飞得高就该把地平线忘掉等了好久终於等到今天梦了好久终於把梦实现前途漫漫任我闯幸亏还有你在身旁盼了好久终於盼到今天忍了好久终於把梦实现那些不变的风霜早就无所谓累也不说累等了好久终於等到今天梦了好久终於把梦实现前途漫漫任我闯幸亏还有你在身旁盼了好久终於盼到今天忍了好久终於把梦实现那些不变的风霜早就无所谓累也不说累 培根的论财富之不朽和隽永值得一读 A great state l
3、eft to an heir is as a lure to all the birds of prey round about to seize on him, if he be not the stablished in years and judgment: likewise, glorious gifts and foundations are like sacrifices without salt; and but the painted sepulchres of alms, which soon will putrefy and corrupt inwardly: theref
4、ore measure not thine advancements by quantity, but frame them by measure: and defer not charities till death; for certainly, if a man weigh it rightly, he that doth so is rather liberal of another mans than of his own. 解析: state 理解为家业 of prey 修饰birds round about to seize on him修饰birds stablished 成熟
5、 in years and judgment 在年龄和判断力方面 sacrifices without salt没有盐的祭品 sepulchres of alms 用施舍刷过的坟墓 putrefy and corrupt 堕落和腐烂 measure not thine advancements by quantity 实意动词直接加not 表示否定,thine古语中的your 不要以数量作为你给予的标准 but frame them by measure用适度作为衡量的标准 defer not charities till death; 实意动词加上not 表示否定 也不要把行善延迟到死后 r
6、ather than . 是。而不是 liberal of another mans 动词 :liberal 自由支配 对象:another mans 被人的财富 看看翻译吧: 给子嗣留一份大家业而他又于年龄和见识上都不坚固的话,则这份家业无异于一种鸟饵,是诱致一切的鹫鸟环聚于你的子嗣之旁以图捕噬的东西。类此,为虚荣而赠与的捐款,基金等,有如没有盐的祭品,不过是用“施与”粉刷过的坟墓不久就会从内部腐败起来的。因此,不要以数量作为赠与的标准,而应当使之适度。再者,也不可把捐款给慈善事业的事情延迟到死后,因为假如把这件事正当的考虑一下 ,则可以看出这样做的人实是慷他人之慨,所花的乃是别人的钱而不是
7、自己的钱。(1939 年水天同先生的培根论说文集)It (谬论)applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.主干识别:It applies equally to traditional historians and to social scienc
8、e historians 其他成分:who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources定语who equate their activity with specific techniques.定语翻译点拨:词的处理Applies 适用于,特别主义:当说某物适用于人的时候,可以转译为:人会采取某物或者人运用某物;traditional historians 传统历史学家,历史传统派 view history as 把历史看作是 sources 源泉,引申为史料来源 social science histo
9、rians 社会科学历史学家,历史社科派 their activity 活动,引申为历史学研究活动,历史研究 equate. with 把等同于,认为是 specific techniques 具体方法对于过长的定语可以采取单独成句的翻译方法两个定语翻译为:传统历史学家认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论,社会科学历史学家认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。参考译文:传统历史学家认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论,社会科学历史学家认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究,这种谬论同样适用于他们(他们同样持有这样的谬论)三熟悉题型:1) 主题main , mainly , p
10、rimary , primarily , The main topic of the passage is.The main idea of the passage is ,a) 中心思想. P48E25 b)写作目的, P34E60 c) 标题P20 E65 d)段落主题P19E62;P108E27;P141E222) 细节,细节题较多而且较难,从两个方面加强:a) 定位原文. b) 关注考试原则.(常被考到的语言现象)3) 词义(包括指代), 从两个方面加强,一个方面入手a)上下文 , b) 词根 c)选和表面意思完全不相关的选项。P34E59P103E314) 推理分类:a) 细节性推理
11、题b) infer 题型P25E31 c) conclude题型5)态度a) 表示态度的手段 b)选项的含义.P122E40; P36E68; P28E25; P80EC2、能力方面的要求:除了这些标准题型之外四级阅读还有独有的傻题:P21E67;P105E391)把握文章主题2)说明重要细节3)进行分析推理4)领会作者的态度以上三个方面是我们在课堂上会和大家一起来共同准备的,K哥会一路陪着你们前行。不抛弃不放弃哈。K哥如何陪你们,主要采取新东方传统的四步阅读模式:四步阅读法:1)扫读题干关键词: 2) 浏览原文做标记 3) 比较选项得答案:4) 迅速排除得答案结合P1上的阅读实例我们正式进入
12、战区。如何提高阅读能力:1、扩大阅读量2、模仿长句、难句、复杂句,对译法3、攻克单词关句子层面的讲解在四级中重要的句型:1、主谓分离。如果第一个名词后面没有谓语动词,则第一个名词为本句话的主语。举例:Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards,.P24.2、并列双结构。指一个句子中会有两个成分并列。通过并列连词(and)从后向前找出并列的核心单词。举例:The latter ignores the higher cost o
13、f providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.P24举例:Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption(设想)that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cos
14、t per unit of accommodation.P243、多重复合句。理解方法:括起从句,抓住主干。4、环环相扣句型。把长句分割为短句,分层次各个击破。举例:At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state.P6重要的句
15、子:1、For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question What is at the botto
16、m of the oceans? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.P12、Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit(学分)which he may co
17、unt towards a degree.P23、Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. .A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberg
18、er holds.P204、Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-inco
19、me groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details important notwithstanding(然而), as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby
20、 carriages on the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption(设想)that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodati
21、on.P245、The key to preventing or treating behavior problems is learning to teach the dog to redirect its normal behavior to outlets that are acceptable in the domestic setting.P90细节题的tips 1、答案不跨段。2、90%根据关键词定位。10%利用题目的顺序。3、考点不重复。4、当细节题只有12个时,原文中的细节部分要快看第二次课需要讲解的文章包括:P2文章;P3文章;重要句和现象解释型P6文章;P8文章;P84文章
22、;P120文章;P34实验型文章P10文章;P16文章;P7文章;P14文章;比较原则P15,P19,指代原则P12; P18;P53;P25;P29;P107(因果原则)P28;P40;P42;P43(几个题的总结)细节题:一. 作题步骤1.根据问题中的关键词回原文定位.1)一般为名词或名词词组2)优先考虑的关键词a.专有名词.包括: 人名和带 “”的词.P9页29题;P41页19题b.数字,时间.P2页23题c.形容词或副词31页37题d.比较或因果语言现象.10页32题;2.仔细阅读包含关键词的句子,在本句上下句寻找线索.3.将包含线索的句子与选项进行比较,对线索句进行同义替换的为正确选
23、项.a. 关键词替换P2E21 b.正话反说P4E32c. 语言简化P2E22记住一句话:(是解一定同义替换,同义替换一定是解)二. 按照顺序寻找答案由于细节题的排列顺序,一般对应原文的叙述顺序,所以一般按顺序寻找答案.三. 难以定位的细节题的处理方式四. 细节题错位的作题方法.关注首末句原则Tips:1、答案不跨段。2、90%根据关键词定位。10%利用题目的顺序。3、考点不重复。4、当细节题只有12个时,原文中的细节部分要快看数字年代原则: 1) 直接问时间数字P3E26;2) 数字转换为文字3)涉及简单计算P16E39; P13E28寻找答案的思路为: 问题涉及数字年代,在原文寻找含数字年
24、代的句子,对照选项选择答案。比较原则:P20;P25;P36;P108一. 比较结构1. 比较级,比较级的表现形式是er 或more 2. 最高级.3. 词汇手段,最为比较来考的词汇是:-like ,unlike different from ,differ from 4. 句型结构-asas二. 绝对意义-first , least , none 三. 唯一性-only, solely, unique.如何思考:1. 将原文中或选项中的比较原则与原文类似语言现象相对应.2. 文章中的比较一般都对应后文的问题.P59页二段一行, P79二段一行末段二行3. 选项中出现比较在原文中找不到对应时,
25、该选项直接错误.P11页39题第四个选项P20 页64题第一个选项P34 页 57题 A选项P 35 页63题选项例文:6,9,5,P79,P80指代原则:一、做题步骤:1、返回原文找到指代词所在的位置2、向上搜索名词性的词组或句子3、用四个选项替换该指代题二、判断原则简单地说是就近指代。就近指代是代词指代在主格宾格、单复数、位置、意义等方面与之接近的名词。三、补充说明this that it such 既可以指代单数名词,也可以指代他们之前的句P84 E39;P85E24;P17E54列举原则:1. 原文连续提3-4项叫列举列举这种语言现象常与except题型相对应问某一段没有提到什么,其他
26、段落的内容通常成为正确答案。P6E39第四个选项2. 四级里分散列举比较少关于实验型文章P7,P33, P84,P106,P120在实验型文章中,通常可以根据问题中的动词定位 答案基本上按顺序寻找实验型文章包括:代表人物 实验目的 实验目的=主题=1。2段的目的不定式 实验结果 有实验结果的句子一般被考到,其他的都是小细节。实验结果一般都是以动词来体现的。实验型文章的试验目的一般相对确定,多次问试验目的一般都指向同一个结果四级考试中一般有五个表示试验结果的重要动词:find, show, identify, observe, notice一般看到含有这几个词的句子要注意,通常看后面有没有类似的
27、词出现在问题中;反之,看到问题中有这几个词的时候要到文章中找这几个词,这些都是近义词。实验型文章实验目的指向主题或目的不定式主题题型:一、主题句和主题词1、有主题句时,与主题句相对应的为正确答案如何找主题句:主题句具有总结性,一般位于文中三个地方(1)全文首句(出现得最多)A.首句是一个定义和结论:P1,P5,P23,P33B.首句是个好的评价:P6,P38C.首句被第二句肯定:P21,P121P6;P38一段末句,一段末句出现转折或结论时常出现主题。第二段的一、二句,二段对一段进行总结或否定时常出现主题。例如进行总结的文章;进行否定的文章;2、文中没有主题句时,各段首句相加,其中共有的词汇为
28、本文的主体词,必须出现在主题题型的正确答案中。主题词的特征有:一般为名词或名词词组;出现频率较高;一般位于段落首句。二、根据语言提示寻找主题1、根据文章结构确定主题,常见的结构有:结论解释型的文章,结论为主题所在。一般首句是个判断句或者有态度时就常是结论,尤其是首句之后紧跟较长的例子或细节时。现象解释型的文章,解释为文章主题所在。问句出现在一段首末句,问句等于现象。回答就是主题。问题解决方案型文章,解决方案为文章主题。2001年6月第一篇2、文章首句中的主题名词,尤其是主语在后文被重复时,暗示首句为本文的主题句。三、主题题型的变体1、标题,本文最好的标题正确答案对应文章的主题词;选项范围要恰如
29、其分;2000年12月15题2、写过目的写作目的等于中心思想;文章中谈到困难或问题(problem,difficulty,hardship)时,包含下列动词的选项优先考虑:warn,remind,四、主题题型的正误选项的特征1、正确选项必须包含文中的主题词;2、错误选项主要有两种:包含细节;出现了原文中没有提到的内容。文章中出现两个对立观点时,作者可以明确支持其中一派;如果不明确支持其中一派,他的态度一般是折衷的。词义题一、返回原文找到被考的词或短语二、做题方法根据上下文确定同义或反义关系(寻找词性和语法功能相同的词,根据他们来确定意思)根据词根或动词词组的副词判断意义三、字面意思或大纲中的第
30、一个意思通常不是答案 每天一句:2021考研英语翻译第三十二句2021-07-27 22:57问题解决型Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Online Shopping. You should write no less than 120/150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 很多人开始在网上购买商品2.网上购
31、物可能存在的问题3.我的看法Online Shopping首段:3句话= 背景+事实描述+举例说明The past decade has witnessed the huge advancement of Information Technology (背景描述). And shopping through the Internet has gained great popularity among web suffers(主题事实描述). For instance, it can be noticed that an increasing number of youngsters purch
32、ase clothes, books, electrical equipment and the like on Taobao, EBay and Alibaba。(举例法扩展段落) (或:A case in point is the Group Purchasing, which attracts thousands of customers. 举例+定语从句)2段:问题分析4句话 = 主题句+ 危害1+危害2 +危害总结In spite of the convenience and low price of this shopping, others argue that we can n
33、ot turn a blind eye to its negative aspects. Firstly, they point out that the quality may not be as superior as it is described and sometimes, it is possible for customers to buy fake commodities. In addition, many customers find it troublesome to make a change when they are not satisfied. As has be
34、en noted, these do exert bad impacts。尾段:解决措施(即我的看法)3句话 = 总说+建议+展望未来As a customer, I am convinced that effective measures should be taken to enhance it。(总说看法) To be specific, it is suggested that regulations and rules should be worked out to scrutinize online shop owners. (或者:Specifically, shoppers a
35、re well-advised to be alert when purchasing online。) A promising online shopping is just awaiting us if we spare no effort to do so.结合我上课给的内容和框架进行复习是不需要太多对内容的预测的。 2021年6月16日四六级作文预测前情回顾:2021年12月4级作文:Directions: Youre allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong
36、 Will by commenting on the humorous saying, Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. Ive done it hundreds of time. Youd write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.2021年12月6级作文:Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitle
37、d The Way to Success by commenting on Abraham Lincolns famous remark, “Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe.” You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. 初看到这个题目的时候,同学会感觉的不适应,但是仔细分析和之前的考试区别不大,并且这种形式在以前就是已经遇见过的了:2003年1月四级作文题Dire
38、ctions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest。You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese。1 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象2 诚实利人利已,做人应该诚实出题的形式在变,但是不变的是文章的结构,内容的安排以及语言的要求;所以在最后的几天中重点依然是把握之前所背过的句子,至于内容可以重点关注下面的一些
39、话题:预测一:创新的重要预测二:环境相关问题预测三:诚信预测四:志愿者精神(助人为乐)第一段:The volunteer spirit has spread among the Chinese people in recent years, especially among young people. Volunteer is of tremendous benefits to both those in need and society .第二段:In the past years, the extraordinary contributions of Chinese volunteers
40、have been seen everywhere, from responding to the May 12 earthquake to other big international events.(Take the WenChuan Earthquake as an example. After the devastating earthquake hit southwest Chinas Sichuan Province, more than one million volunteers plunged into relief work within days. They went
41、all out to save the victims, provide psychological counseling and donate money and materials.)可以省略Besides, volunteering would be beneficial to the volunteers themselves. Getting involved in volunteering, volunteers will be exposed to a new environment, and they can learn how to work well in a team,
42、how to improve their interpersonal skills and organizational skills, all of which are critical for their professional growth.第三段:A sound social volunteer service system with frequent activities and full participation should be established and Learn from Lei Feng activities should be held on a regula
43、r basis to create a social atmosphere of altruism. The volunteer service system will also help to build a harmonious environment for our society. As a college student, I sincerely hope that everyone would join the volunteer work. 第一小节 动态规划问题最短路径问题 一 在正式提出动态规划法前我们先看一个数学例子: 例1:在 x+x2+x3+xn =a是约束条件下,求的
44、极大值.令 ( 0 ) 令 且可得a-x=x, 所以 x=a/2故 同理 令 所以 a-x=2x , x=a/3所以 f3(a)=用数学归纳法可以证明:fn(a) = , x1=x2=x3=xn=证明:1:n=1 2:设fn(a) = , x1=x2=x3=xn= 成立,则fn+1(a)=max(+fn(a-x)=max( )令 y= y=所以 nx=a-x ,(n+1)x=a x= fn+1(a)=+n=我们刚才的解题策略是:“摸着石头过河”,f2 利用f1的结果,f3又利用f2的结果。类似于游戏中的一个勇士打败了一些敌人后得到一件武器,然后去打败另一个强大一些的对手,得到一件更好的武器,接
45、着打败更强大的敌人。最后取得胜利。 在实际生活中,有这么一类问题,它们的活动过程可分为若干个阶段,而且在任一阶段 后的行为仅依赖于第I阶段的过程状态,而与I阶段之前的过程如何达到这种过程如何达到这种状态的方式无关,这样的过程就构成了一个多阶段决策过程。在50年代,贝尔曼(Richard Bellman)等人根据这类问题的多阶段决策的特性,提出了解决问题的“最优性原理”从而创建了最优化问题的一种最新的算法设计方法动态规划。分治法和动态规划法的比较动态规划算法与分治法类似,其根本思想也是将待求解问题分解成若干个子问题,先求解子问题,然后从这些子问题的解得到原问题的解,与分治法不同的是,适合于用动态规划法求解的问题,经分解得到的子问题往往不是互相独立的.以从16个数据中找出最大者为例,说明 分治法的“静”和动态规划法的“动”的区别。下面我们以具体的例子来说明如何运用动态规划算法来求解问题,并分析可用动态规划算法解的问题的所应具备的一般特征。对教材68页上的里子给予简要说明(因为书上的文字叙述有些含混晦涩,对符号的说明不清晰) y1OAF 2 K 3 P 1 S 2 U 下面精讲一个例子 2
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