形合意合与翻译(改写).ppt

《形合意合与翻译(改写).ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《形合意合与翻译(改写).ppt（26页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、从形合意合谈汉译英从形合意合谈汉译英（改写版，供写论文参考。）（改写版，供写论文参考。）On C-E Translationfrom the Perspective of Hypotaxis and ParataxisOutline 1Hypotaxis and Parataxis 2 Two Ways of Forming an English Sentence 3 Major Differences in Structure 4 Sentence Combination1 What are Hypotaxis and Parataxis?In general,hypotaxis is ha

2、rmonyin form,andparataxisisharmonyinmeaning.1.1 The definition of hypotaxis Hypotaxis is thegrammaticalarrangementoffunctionallysimilarbutunequalconstructs(hypo=beneath,taxis=arrangement),i.e.,constructs playing an unequal role in asentence.A common example of syntacticexpression of hypotaxis is sub

3、ordination in acomplexsentence.1.2 The definition of parataxis Parataxisisawayofwritingorspeakingthatfavorsshort,simplesentences,withtheuseofcoordinatingratherthansubordinatingconjunctions.(from Greek for“act of placingsidebyside”;Para=beside+tassein=arrange).It is a literary technique,contrasted wi

4、thhypotaxis.1.3 The three devices to form a sentenceWords are connected in three ways to form a sentence:syntactical devices,lexical devices and semantic devices.Syntacticaldevicesandlexicaldevicespertaintohypotaxis,and semanticdevicespertaintoparataxis.2 Two Ways of Forming English Sentences Coordi

5、nation（并并列列）and subordination（从从属属）arewaysofcombiningwords,phrases,andclausesinto more complex forms.The discussion belowexaminescoordinationandsubordination of clauses.2.1 Coordination（并列）（并列）Coordination of sentences is a grammaticalstrategythattheideasintwoormoreINDEPENDENTCLAUSES are equivalent

6、or balanced.Coordinationcan produce harmony by bringing related elementstogether.Coordination uses coordinating conjunctions(centralcoordinatorsareand,but,andor)（只有以上三 个 常 用 的 并 列 连 词）or punctuation(mainlysemicolon 分 号)to combine short independentclausesintoasinglesentence.2.2 Subordination（从属）（从属）S

7、ubordination is a grammatical strategy that oneideainasentenceismoreimportantthananotherideainthesamesentence.Tousesubordination,youplacethemoreimportantideainanINDEPENDENTCLAUSE(finiteclause)andthelessimportant(thesubordinate)ideainaDEPENDENTCLAUSE(finiteclauseornon-finiteclause).Subordination uses

8、 subordinating conjunctions（从从 属属 连连 词词）(conjunctive pronouns,conjunctiveadverbs,relativepronouns,relativeadverbs)(e.g.that,who,what,which,when,where,how,etc.)totransform independent clauses(main clauses)intodependent clauses(subordinate clauses).Or it usesinfinitive,-ing participle or ed participle

9、 to form anon-finiteclause(includingabsoluteconstruction).2.3 Examples of coordination and subordination with different emphasisE.g.1.Thegirlcried,andshethrewthegiftoutofthewindow.(Acompoundsentenceorcoordinationgivesequalimportancetobothideas.)E.g.2.Thegirlcriedasshethrewthegiftoutofthewindow.(Thes

10、ubordinateclausedownplaysthegirlsthrowingofthegiftoutofthewindowandshowshowtheactionofthrowingthegiftoutofthewindowrelatestotheactionofcrying.)E.g.3.Thegirlcried,throwingthegiftoutofthewindow.(Theparticipialphrasefurthersubordinatesthegirlsthrowingofthegiftoutofthewindow.)E.g.4.Crying,thegirlthrewth

11、egiftoutofthewindow.(Theparticipialphrasemakestheactionofcryinglessimportantand emphasizes the action of throwing the gift out of thewindow.)E.g.5.Thecryinggirlthrewthegiftoutofthewindow.(Adjectivesgivetheleastemphasistothegirlscrying.)2.4 Meanings in Compound Sentences with“and”Timesequence:Heopene

12、dthedoor,andthenweenteredtherestaurant.Result:Hedroppedtheplateofpastaonmymap,andIletoutacryofpainandhorror.Contrast:Mysisterorderstea,andIalwaystakecoffee.Concession:Therestaurantownerswanttoservegoodfood,andyettheyneverquitegeteverythingright.Condition:Theyhavetolearntomakebettercoffee,andthenIllb

13、e happier./Go straight and youll see a church./Do thatagainandIllcallapoliceman.Pure addition:They serve pasta,and they also have a nicerangeofpizzas.Explanation:Theyhaveonlyonechoicetostayinbusiness-andthatstoimprovebothfoodandserviceimmediately.3 Major Differences in Structure3.1 Flowing-water sen

14、tences and run-on sentences（汉语普遍采用流水句。而英语粘连句或称不断句则是错误的。）E.g.1.不觉冬去春来，久困思动，今日醒来，阳光照屋，精神为之一振，扔在屋角的包袱一直未曾打开，趁天气晴朗，一把拎了过来，抖出冬天换下的衣裳，上面尚有点点雨渍雪痕，便将它摊在窗前晒起。-牡丹亭（只有一个句号）Beforeverylong,winterpassedandspringarrived.OnedaywhenLiuMengmeiwokeup，hewaspleasedtofindthattheroomfullofsunshine.Hehadlainonthebedforalon

15、gtimeandnowfounditbettertogetupandmovearound.Hejumpedupandtookupthebundlewhichhehadthrowninthecorneroftheroommanydaysago.Hiswinterclothesstillhadstainsofrainandsnowandhehungthemupbythewindowtodry.（五个句号）E.g.2.凭窗站了一会,微微的觉得凉意侵入。转过身来,忽然眼花缭乱。Standingatthewindowforawhile,I feltabitchilly.AsIturnedround,my

16、eyessuddenlydazzledbeforethebrightlightandcouldnotseethingsdistinctly.E.g.3.在第一章首先讨论了浪漫主义的起源，然后在第二章讨论了浪漫主义的特点。?At first,theoriginofromanticismisdealtwithinchapterone,thenthecharacteristicsofromanticismarestudiedinchaptertwo.（有问题的句子打问号）First,theoriginofromanticismisdealtwithinChapterOne,and then itsc

17、haracteristicsarestudiedinChapterTwo.（正确句子打钩）3.2 Adverbs or conjunctions?（不要把副词当做连词）（不要把副词当做连词）E.g.1.他似乎并不想去，另外他的衣服也不够好。？Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere,besides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere;besides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere.Besides,his

18、clotheswerenotgoodenough.Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere,andbesides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.E.g.2.房价太高，而且地段也不太合适。？Thepriceistoohigh,moreover,thehouseisntinasuitableposition.Thepriceistoohigh;moreover,thehouseisntinasuitableposition.Thepriceistoohigh.Moreover,thehouseisntinasuitableposition.Thepr

19、iceistoohigh,andmoreover,thehouseisntinasuitableposition.E.g.3.房子对我们来讲不够大，而且离城里太远。？Thehouseisntbigenoughforus,furthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.Thehouseisntbigenoughforus;furthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.Thehouseisntbigenoughforus.Furthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.Thehouseisntbigenoughforus,andfurt

20、hermore,itistoofarfromthetown.E.g.4.她说是这样的，可是她错了。？Shesaiditwasso,however,shewasmistaken.Shesaiditwasso;however,shewasmistaken.Shesaiditwasso.However,shewasmistaken.Shesaiditwasso,butshewasmistaken.（nevertheless与此同）E.g.5.一方面你收了她的礼物，另一方面你对全家都不礼貌。？Ononehandyouhaveacceptedherpresents,ontheother(hand)you

21、arerudetothewholefamily.On the one hand you have accepted herpresents;on the other(hand)you are rude to thewholefamily.On the one hand you have accepted herpresents.On the other(hand)you are rude to thewholefamily.On the one hand you have accepted herpresents,butontheother(hand)youarerudetothewholef

22、amily.E.g.6.下雨了，比赛取消了。？Itrained，thereforethegamewascalledoff.Itrained;thereforethegamewascalledoff.Itrained.Thereforethegamewascalledoff.Itrained,sothegamewascalledoff.E.g.7.他不努力，挂科了。？Hedidntstudyhard,thusfailedthetest.Hedidntstudyhard,and thusfailedthetest.E.g.8.他们聊了一会儿，然后上班去了。？Theychattedforawhile

23、,thentheywenttowork.Theychattedforawhileandthenwenttowork.3.3 With conjunctions and without conjunctions （汉语常省略连词或根本就不用连词，英语则多用连词。）（汉语常省略连词或根本就不用连词，英语则多用连词。）E.g.1.他不来信，我不回信。Becausehedoesntwritetome,Idont/wontwriteback.Hedoesntwritetome,and/so Idontwritebacktohim.E.g.2.要提倡科学，靠科学才有希望。Wemustpromotescie

24、nce,forthatiswhereourhopelies.E.g.3.善欲人见，不是真善；恶恐人知，便是大恶。Agooddeedisnogooddeedifitisdoneforshow.Anevilisalltheworseif itiscoveredup.E.g.4.车未停稳，请勿上下。NevergetonoroffthebusbeforeitcomestoastandstillE.g.5.你来了，我走。Ifyoucome,Illleave.Whenyoucome,Illleave.Sinceyouhavecome,Imleaving.3.4 Topic-prominent or sub

25、ject/object prominent（汉语是主题鲜明即可，英语多必须写明主语和宾语。）E.g.1.全国全国到处都在兴建新工厂。?Thewholecountryisbuildingnewfactories.Newfactoriesarebeingbuiltalloverthecountry.E.g.2.刚才校门口校门口发生了一起交通事故。？Theschoolgatehappenedatrafficaccidentjustnow.Atrafficaccidenthappenedattheschoolgatejustnow.E.g.3.三十年来中国中国发生了巨大的变化。？Chinahastak

26、enplacedgreatchangesinthelast30years.Greatchangeshavetakenplacedin China inthelast30years.E.g.4.听到这个消息，她的手都在发抖。？Hearingthenews,her handsweretrembling.（她的手不能听）Whenshe heardthenews,herhandsweretrembling.E.g.5.往窗外一看，有几个学生在打篮球。？Lookingoutofthewindow,thereweresome studentsplayedbasketball.Lookingoutofthe

27、window,I sawsomestudentsplayingbasketball.E.g.6.首先讨论了浪漫主义的起源，最后讨论了浪漫主义的影响。?AtFirstdiscussestheoriginofromanticism,at last dealswiththeinfluenceofromanticism.First,theoriginofromanticismisdiscussed,and finally/in the enditsinfluenceisdealtwith.E.g.7.不了解中国的第一手资料是一大遗憾。?DonotknowChinafirsthandisagreatpi

28、ty.It isagreatpitythatyoudonotknowChinafirsthand.ThatyoudonotknowChinafirsthandisagreatpity.Not knowingChinafirsthandisagreatpity.E.g.8.酒不喝了。Idontfeellikedrinkinganymore.E.g.9.只有勤奋才能取得好成绩。Agoodscoredependsondiligence.E.g.10.今天食堂食堂吃饺子。Jiaozi areservedin the canteentoday.E.g.11.叉子叉子不好吃。Icanteatwellwit

29、h a fork.E.g.12.从历史上看，每个时代的人类互不相同，没有所谓共同的“人性”。Anexaminationofthehistoryofhumanitysuggestedthatmaninourepochissodifferentfrommaninprevioustimesthatitseemedunrealistictoassumethatmenineveryagehavehadincommonsomethingthatcanbecalled“humannature”.E.g.13.他开车心不在焉，几乎肇事。Hisabsentmindduringthedrivingnearlyca

30、usedanaccident.E.g.14.午夜空气凉爽，她又振作了精神。Thecoolmidnightairrestoredherspirits.E.g.15.欲购从速。Wastenotimeifyouwanttobuyit.E.g.16.电影糟透了，劝你别看。？Filmisverybad,Iadviseyounotsee.The filmisverybad,andIadviseyounotseeit.ThefilmissobadthatIadviseyounotseeit.3.5 Marked nouns or unmarked nouns（英语的名词可数名词多应当表明其数、归属等特性。）

31、E.g.1.马是有用的动物。？Horseisusefulanimal.A horse isausefulanimal.Horsesareusefulanimals.The horse isausefulanimal.E.g.2.我每天早上都一样，洗脸，刷牙，吃早点，然后去上班。？Iamthesameeveryday,washface,brushteeth,havebreakfast,thengotowork.Everydayisthesametome:Iwashmyface,brushmyteeth,havemy breakfast,and thengotowork.E.g.3.他到图书馆借书

32、去了。？Hehasgonetothelibrarytoborrowbook.Hehasgonetothelibrarytoborrowabook/some books.4 Sentence CombinationTherearethreemajorwaystocombinedifferentpartsintoonesentence.（连接句子的三个手段：并列连词、从属连词、非谓语）1.Usingcoordinatorssuchas“and,or,but”（并列连词）2.Usingsubordinatorssuchas“when,which,who,what,whose,that,when,where,”.（从属连词）3.Usingnon-finiteforms.（非谓语）Example:我坐在椅子上看电视。原句：Isatinthechair.IwatchedTV.合句：1.IsatinthechairandwatchedTV.（并列连词）2.IsatinthechairwhenIwatchedTV.（从属连词）3.Isatinthechair,watchingTV.（非谓语）*Thefollowingisadiagramtoshowhowasentencecanbeconstructed.