跨文化交际教程课件.ppt

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1、OurNaturalCulturalContextWearelikeafishinwater.TheInterculturalContextWebecome“afishoutofwater”.“outofwater”=outofcontext“Water”ismycultureOtherwaterorairare“otherculturalcontexts”“Ineedmyculturetofeelcomfortable!”Case1:OneChinesestudentnamedLiYingwasstudyinginAmericaandwasonceinvitedtoattendafriend

2、sparty.Hearrivedthereontimebuthefoundmanyarrivedlateincasualclothes.Thefoodwassimpleandtherewerefewacquaintances.Hejusthadashortconversationwiththehost.Twohourslaterheleftindisappointment,determinednevertoattendthesekindofpartiesagain.Case2:ComingfromManchester,SaraworksasateacherinXian.Whenshewasgi

3、vingalecture,shefoundthestudentskepttakingnoteswithoutaskinganyquestions.Sheencouragedthemtoposequestionsinclassbutitdidntwork.Thestudentsusuallyaskedquestionsafterclassanddidntreadmuchthereferencebooksshehadrecommended.Barriers in Intercultural CommunicationCultural AssumptionsStereotypesEthnocentr

4、ismCultural ShockLaRayBarna(afamousscholarininterculturalcommunication)believesthatthemainbarrierininterculturalcommunicationistoassumetheculturalnormsofonesownareacceptedbyothercultures.Cultural AssumptionsCraigStortiCraigStortibelievesbelieves ininterculturalininterculturalcommunication,peoplegene

5、rallygocommunication,peoplegenerallygothroughfourphases:throughfourphases:Expecting people in another culture to behave similarlyCultural conflict resulting from the big gap between the expectation and realityFeeling angry and fearfulWanting to shrink and give upCraig StortiCraig Storti is the direc

6、tor of Communicating Across Cultures,specializing in the design and delivery of seminars in intercultural communications,cross-cultural business dynamics,expatriation and repatriation,cultural diversity,and managing the multicultural/global workforcefor clients from government,business,military,and

7、the education sectors.How to Avoid Cultural Assumption in Intercultural Communication、Constantly remind oneself that people have different cultural backgrounds and contrasting customs.、Learn to observe other countrys culture and compare it with ones own so as to improve the cross-cultural awareness.

8、Stereotypes Stereotypesareperceptionsandbeliefsweholdaboutgroupsorindividualsbasedonourpreviouslyformedopinionsorattitudes.Theycanbepositiveornegative.Stereotypescanchangealongwithtime.Changeinsocialconditionscanleadtothechangeofstereotypes.Reasons for Forming Stereotypes1、Socialenvironmentisthekeyf

9、actor;2、Thepersonalexperienceofchildhoodplaysasignificantrole;3、Ithassomethingtodowiththecognitivedevelopmentofchildren.Stereotypes Vs.Prejudices刻板刻板印象印象 偏见偏见Stereotypescanbeeitherpositiveornegativeandcanchangealongwithtime.Prejudicesaregenerallynegativeandtakemanyformsincluding“discrimination”,whic

10、hisanextremeandintentionalformofprejudice.Disadvantages of StereotypesExaggeratethedifferencesbetweengroupsandignoreindividualdifferencesLeadtoethnocentricandprejudicialconceptionsandspeechesNeglectthedynamicandchangeablenatureofculturePrevention of StereotypesPayattentiontoindividualdifferences.Res

11、ervethespaceforindependentexploring.Betolerant.EthnocentrismTobeethnocentricistobelieveinthesuperiorityofonesowncultureandnegativelyjudgeaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsofonesown，includingthebehaviors,communicationmodes,socialcustoms,managingmethodsandsocialvalues.Manifestation of Ethnocentrism

12、1.Thecoursebookofeachcountryallfocusesonthehistoryandcultureofitsown.2.Themapofeachcountryalwaysplacesitselfinthecenter.3.Whenmentioningthecontributiontotheworldcivilization,onecountryalwayshighlightitsownwhileunderestimatingothers.4.Incomposingtheworldliteraturehistory,therehaslongexistedatendencyt

13、oplaceEuropeinthecentre,whilementioninglittleaboutthecontributionofAsia,AfricaandLatinAmerica,leadingtoalowevaluationoftheworksinthoseplaces.ThereasonthatliesbehindisthattheauthorsaremainlyEuropeans.5.Ethnocentrism Vs.Patriotism民族中心主义民族中心主义 爱国主义爱国主义 Ethnocentrism believes ones culture is superior to

14、 others and looks down upon members in other groups and mocks at people in other groups when they see them have different social customs or behave differently.Patriotism is a kind of positive and supportive attitude and emotions towards ones own country.CultureShock文化休克文化休克 Culture Shock refers to a

15、 transitional process in which an individual perceives threats to her or his well-being in a culturally new environment.We all like the familiar.Culture makes things familiar,and in so doing helps us reduce the stress of life.But when we are thrust into another culture,by either chance or design,and

16、 experience psychological and physical discomfort from this contact,we have become victims of Culture Shock.The term was first introduced by the anthropologist Oberg.AccordingtoOberg(afamousanthropologist),CultureShockinvolves:1.A sense of identity loss and identity deprivation with regard to values

17、,status,profession,friends,and possessions;2.Identity strain as a result of the effort required to make necessary psychological adaptation;3.Identity rejection by members of the new culture;4.Identity confusion,especially as regards role ambiguity and unpredictability;5.Identity impotence as a resul

18、t of not being able to cope with the new environment.Culture ShockreasonsCommunication barriersDifferent daily activitiesSolitudeDifferent customsDifferent beliefs and valueshighDegree of personal happinesslowHoneymoon periodFrustrated periodRecovery and adjustment periodAdaptive periodThe Procedure

19、 ChartProcess of Culture ShockSatisfied with the people,sights and food of the new environment and happy with the prospect of working or living in a foreign country1.Honeymoon PeriodAppearance of conflicts in values because of cultural differences;feeling of confusion and frustration because of inco

20、nveniences in daily life2.Frustrated PeriodTo learn new culture modes after the experience of frustration and to reshape oneself in order to be adapted to the environment of the new culture3.Recovery and Adjustment PeriodTo live in harmony with the natives without frustration and annoyance;to accept

21、 the native customs and become adapted to the new cultural environment4.Adaptive PeriodPrevention of Culture ShockGet to know the general conditions of the new environment beforehand.Do some simulated training.Embrace the cultural modes of the new environment willingly.Look out for useful supportive system.Thank you！