研究生英语写作第四次课课件.pptx

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1、Structure for Writing Graphs The most common graphs you are going to see are-line graphs&bar graphs Line graphs and bar graphs show changes over time.-pie charts Pie charts show percentages at present.Areas of focus:a)Presenting an overview of the graphb)Highlighting major changes or lack of change(

2、not describing every change)c)Describing general trendsd)Making comparisons or contrasts(when there is more than one figure)e)Avoiding mechanical writingDescribing Graphs&Tables We might compare an overview of a graph,diagram or table to looking down on a city or landscape from an airplane.The outli

3、ne,shape and color of a mountain range,for example,can be seen,but its details like the kinds of trees,rocks or animals usually cannot.Think in general terms.Presenting an Overview(Introduction)Presenting an Overview(Introduction)What is your purpose?What do you intend to show in writing about this

4、graph/diagram?Presenting an OverviewA graph illustrates the total number of DVD sales at a shop in 2007.By analyzing the graph,we are able to see the inconsistent purchasing habits of its customers.Presenting an Overview600500400300200100Jan.Feb.MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.The diagram

5、below details the number of DVDs sold at a shop by month in 2007.From the diagram,we can observe fluctuating consumer trends in DVD sales at this particular shop,which might reflect the general purchasing habits of DVDs elsewhere.Presenting an Overview600500400300200100Jan.Feb.MarchAprilMayJuneJulyA

6、ug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.Look closely at the graph below.How would you describe the graph in three sentences or less?Write an overview of the graph in your journal.The line chart below indicates the proportion of the 65 years and older populations in the USA,Sweden and Japan.A general rising trend in all

7、 three countries is evident.Sample Overview steady sales from January to March an sharp drop in April a huge dip between April and May a slow decline between May and August a major recovery in September a steep increase from September to DecemberDescribing Major Changes or Lack of Change600500400300

8、200100Jan.Feb.MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.Work with a partner.Together decide which changes(or lack of change)seem to be the most important.Locate at least five.Also discuss why you think these changes might have or will occur.Describing Major Changes or Lack of Change Swedens aged pop

9、ulation jumped abruptly in the mid-1990s,an increase that has continued to this day.The aged growth in the USA is steady from the 1990s to the present and will remain so until 2020.The USA starts in first place and is predicted to end in last.Japans number has risen slowly but steadily since the lat

10、e 1980s and will continue to do so until 2030.Japan will shoot up dramatically in about 2030,taking it from third to first place.Describing Major Changes or Lack of Change one trend appears to be a decrease in DVD sales in the warmer months of the year and higher sales in colder months.In this case,

11、there is an obvious tendency which could be related to the weather.a broader trend might point out higher sales in the early and late times of the year and decreased sales in the middle months.It might be useful to point out that the changes in the graph do not appear to be random;there is little fl

12、uctuation and a clear pattern of purchasing habits can be identified.Describing Trends/Drawing ConclusionsDescribing Trends/Drawing Conclusions600500400300200100Jan.Feb.MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.BettertodiscusstrendstowardstheendofthedescriptionDescribing Trends/Drawing ConclusionsDe

13、scribing Trends/Drawing Conclusions Get back with your classmate.Locate a few general trends in this line graph.Locate at least one for each country and one or two broad overall trends.Describing Trends/Drawing Conclusions Describing Trends/Drawing Conclusions Japans proportion is relatively unchang

14、ed for more than 40 years until the current dramatic surge.Swedens proportion is on an almost continuous rise with only two brief periods of decline.The USAs aged growth is the most consistent of the three over the 100 years and increases the least.Though both the USA and Sweden look to increase sig

15、nificantly in the future,their growth will be dwarfed by Japans explosion in about 2030.The proportions of all three are set to rise in the late 2020s.When you describe a graph,it is important to avoid sounding too mechanical.The purpose of describing a graph is not simply to report numbers and chan

16、ges.A writer must remember to write in a style that is descriptive and human.Avoiding Mechanical WritingAvoiding Mechanical Writing600500400300200100Jan.Feb.MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.The graph below shows the number of DVDs sold in a shop by month in 2007.In January,the DVD shop sold

17、 600 DVDs.In February and March,the number of DVDs sold remained constant at about 580.The number of DVDs sold fell to about 525 in April and then declined greatly down to about 290 in May.In June,July and August,the number of DVDs sold declined slowly down to about 200,but in August and September t

18、he number of sales rose dramatically up to about 400.In October,November and December the number of DVDs sold continued to rise until it hit a peak of 600 DVDs sold in December.These are the details of the number of DVDs sold at a shop in 2007.Example of an Overly Mechanical DescriptionExample of an

19、 Overly Mechanical DescriptionA graph illustrates the total number of DVD sales at a shop in 2007.By analyzing the graph,we are able to see the inconsistent purchasing habits of customers at this particular store.DVD sales start at a relatively high number of 600 in January,and business remains stro

20、ng for another two months before a general decline begins to appear.By contrast,the month of April shows a major drop off as the number of DVDs sold plummets to below 300.The downward trend continues as the warmer months approach,hitting a low of under 200 units sold in early August.The end of the s

21、ummer months and the ushering in of autumn brings a welcome trend to the shop owners as customers return for more DVDs as the weather cools.Late August and early September reveal a dramatic and abrupt increase in sales,and by early October the shop is back to business as usual as the number of DVDs

22、sold returns to a respectable number of about 400.There is a continuous rise in November and December when the number soars to above 600 DVDs sold.The graph demonstrates some obvious trends.DVD sales are clearly much higher in the colder months of the year,while warmer months bring more outdoor acti

23、vities to consumers which explains the major decrease in spring and summer sales.The return to normal business in the latter part of 2007 confirms that the decline in sales is only a temporary inconvenience for this shop.Example of a graph description,sounding less mechanical Example of a graph desc

24、ription,sounding less mechanicalA graph illustrates the total number of DVD sales at a shop in 2007.By analyzing the graph,we are able to see the inconsistent purchasing habits of customers at this particular shop.DVD sales at the shop start at a relatively high number of 600 in January,and business

25、 remains strong for another two months before a general decline begins to appear.By contrast,the month of April shows a major drop off as the number of DVDs sold plummets to below 300.The downward trend continues as the warmer months approach,hitting a low of under 200 units sold in early August.The

26、 end of the summer months and the ushering in of autumn brings a welcome trend to the shop owners as customers return for more DVDs as the weather cools.Late August and early September reveal a dramatic and abrupt increase in sales,and by early October the shop is back to business as usual as the nu

27、mber of DVDs sold returns to a respectable number of about 400.There is a continuous rise in November and December when the number plateaus to above 600 DVDs sold.The graph demonstrates some obvious trends.DVD sales are clearly much higher in the colder months of the year,while warmer months bring m

28、ore outdoor activities to consumers which explains the major decrease in spring and summer sales.The return to normal business in the latter part of 2007 confirms that the decline in sales is only a temporary inconvenience for this particular shop.Does this description present an overview of the gra

29、ph?Does this description present an overview of the graph?A graph illustrates the total number of DVD sales at a shop in 2007.By analyzing the graph,we are able to see the inconsistent purchasing habits of customers at this particular shop.DVD sales at the shop start at a relatively high number of 6

30、00 in January,and business remains strong for another two months before a general decline begins to appear.By contrast,the month of April shows a major drop off as the number of DVDs sold plummets to below 300.The downward trend continues as the warmer months approach,hitting a low of under 200 unit

31、s sold in early August.The end of the summer months and the ushering in of autumn brings a welcome trend to the shop owners as customers return for more DVDs as the weather cools.Late August and early September reveal a dramatic and abrupt increase in sales,and by early October the shop is back to b

32、usiness as usual as the number of DVDs sold returns to a respectable number of about 400.There is a continuous rise in November and December when the number plateaus to above 600 DVDs sold.The graph demonstrates some obvious trends.DVD sales are clearly much higher in the colder months of the year,w

33、hile warmer months bring more outdoor activities to consumers which explains the major decrease in spring and summer sales.The return to normal business in the latter part of 2007 confirms that the decline in sales is only a temporary inconvenience for this particular shop.Does this description high

34、light major changes,or lack of changes?Does this description highlight major changes,or lack of changes?A graph illustrates the total number of DVD sales at a shop in 2007.By analyzing the graph,we are able to see the inconsistent purchasing habits of customers at this particular shop.DVD sales at t

35、he shop start at a relatively high number of 600 in January,and business remains strong for another two months before a general decline begins to appear.By contrast,the month of April shows a major drop off as the number of DVDs sold plummets to below 300.The downward trend continues as the warmer m

36、onths approach,hitting a low of under 200 units sold in early August.The end of the summer months and the ushering in of autumn brings a welcome trend to the shop owners as customers return for more DVDs as the weather cools.Late August and early September reveal a dramatic and abrupt increase in sa

37、les,and by early October the shop is back to business as usual as the number of DVDs sold returns to a respectable number of about 400.There is a continuous rise in November and December when the number plateaus to above 600 DVDs sold.The graph demonstrates some obvious trends.DVD sales are clearly

38、much higher in the colder months of the year,while warmer months bring more outdoor activities to consumers which explains the major decrease in spring and summer sales.The return to normal business in the latter part of 2007 confirms that the decline in sales is only a temporary inconvenience for t

39、his particular shop.Does this description describe general trends?Does this description describe general trends?Endingadescriptionofagraphorchartwithtrendsisanexcellentstrategy!Tip!Dont explain every small detail of a graph.As mentioned above,focus on the major developments and changes.Before you write,consider several questions:which changes or developments stand out?Which do not appear as significant?How much information is enough or too much for the reader to understand and digest in a short essay?Which words dont you understand?Language of Change