职称英语等级考试综合类概括大意练习.pdf

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1、职 称 英 语 等 级 考 试 综 合 类 概 括 大 意 练 习(17)The Open University in Britain1 In 1963 the leader of the Labour Party made a speech explaining plans for a university of the airw-an educational system which would make use of television,radio and correspondence courses.Many people laughed at the idea，but it bec

2、amepart of the Labour Party s programme to give educational opportunity to thosepeople who,for one reason or another,had not had a chance to receive furthereducation.2 By 1969 plans were well advanced and by August 1970 the Open University,as it is now called,had received 400,000 applications.Only 2

3、5,000 could beaccepted for the four“foundation“courses offered：social sciences,arts,scienceand mathematics.Unsuccessful candidates were told to apply again the followingyear,when a foundation course in technology would also be offered.3 The first teaching programmes appeared on the air and screen in

4、 January 1971,with clerks,farm workers,housewives,teachers,policemen and many othersas students.Correspondence units had been carefully prepared and science studentswere given devices for a small home laboratory.Study centers have been set up allover the country so that students can attend once a we

5、ek,and once a year they willspend a week at one of the university s summer schools.4 It has been nearly 30 years since the Open University started to offer courses.Now it is a very important part of the British educational system.Not only does itoffer foundation courses like those mentioned above,it

6、 also carries out veryadvanced scientific researches,some of which lead to Master s or PH.D Degrees.Many other countries have started similar educational programmes following thesuccessful example of the Open University in Britain.1.Paragraph 2.2.Paragraph 3.3.Paragraph 4.A Progress since its foundi

7、ngB Special facilities of the universityC Enrollment in the early daysD Teaching staff of the university4.In Britain,besides taking academic courses on TV and on radio,people cana l s o.5.The Labour Party was the first party in Britain t h a t.6.In 1971,the Open University started to7.When the Open

8、University first started，there were moreapplica n t s.A put forward the idea of founding the Open UniversityB than it could admitC learn through correspondenceD offer foundation courses in technologyE charge students a low tuition feeKeys：CBACADB职 称 英 语 等 级 考 试 综 合 类 概 括 大 意 练 习(11)Adult EducationVo

9、luntary learning in organized courses by mature men and women is calledadult education.Such education is offered to make people able to enlarge andinterpret their experience as adults.Adults may want to study something which theymissed in earlier schooling,get new skills or job training,find out abo

10、ut newtechnological developments,seek better self-understanding,or develop newtalents and skills.This kind of education may be in the form of self-study with proper guidancethrough the use of libraries,correspondence course,or broadcasting.It may alsobe acquired collectively in schools and colleges,

11、study groups,workshops,clubs,and professional associations.Modern adult education for large numbers of people started in the 18th and19th centuries with the rise of the Industrial Revolution.Great economic and socialchanges were taking place：people were moving from rural areas to cities；newtypes of

12、work were being created in an expanding factory system.These and otherfactors produced a need for further education and re-education of adults.The earliest programs of organized adult education arose in Great Britain in the1790s,with the founding of an adult school in Nottingham and a mechanicsinsti

13、tute in Glasgow.The earliest adult education institution in the United States wasfounded by Benjamin Franklin and some friends in Philadelphia in 1727.练 习：1.Paragraph 2.2.Paragraph 3.3.Paragraph 4.4.Paragraph 5.A Necessity for developing adult educationB Early days of adult educationC Ways of receiv

14、ing adult educationD Growth of adult educationE Institutions of adult educationF Definition of adult education5.Some adults want to learn6.There are various forms of adult education,including7.Adult education has been made necessary8.The earliest organized adult educationA by social and economic cha

15、ngesB guided self-study and correspondence coursesC by studying together with childrenD what they did not manage to learn earlierE dates back to the eighteenth centuryF mass productionKey：CABDDBAE职 称 英 语 等 级 考 试 综 合 类 概 括 大 意 练 习(9)l.The rise of English is a remarkable tale as Professor David Crysta

16、l reminds us inhis attractive,short book“English has a Global language/73.As he rightly points out,what is impressive about this staggering figure is：“not so much the grand total but the speed with which expansion has taken placesince the 1950 s.In 1950,the case for English as a world language would

17、 have beenno more than plausible.Fifty years on and the case is virtually won.4.So what happened?6 The most valuable part of Crystal s study is the section devoted to a speedyanalysis of the cultural basis of this global reach,notably the influence ofbroadcasting,press,advertising,popular music and

18、film.He is also up-to-dateand informative in his identification of the World-Wide-Web as a powerful reinforcerof American cultural and linguistic dominance.7.One of his most interesting passages concerns the role played by the Leagueof Nations,and later the Untied Nations,in spreading English as an

19、internationallanguage in the aftermath of the two world wars.1.Paragraph 22.Paragraph 33.Paragraph 54.Paragraph 6A The figure of EnglishB The speed of the spread of EnglishC The role played by culture and the netD The role played by military expansionE The role played by educationF The 2,000 years o

20、f English5.The kind of English spoken 1,500 years ago was so different from the Englishwe speak t o d a y.6.What impresses people most is not the interesting number of speakers ofEnglish found all over the world,the language has spread in the past halfcentury or so.7.The two international organizati

21、ons founded after the two world wars madetheir contributions8.Crystal expresses the belief that in the future will not happen to English.A because of their similarityB that we would not be able to understand it at allC to the popularization of English as a world languageE what once happened to Latin

22、F but the speed with whichKeys：FBDCB FCE职 称 英 语 等 级 考 试 综 合 类 概 括 大 意 练 习(2)Science FictionAmongst the most popular books being written today are those which areusually classified as science fiction.Hundreds of titles are published every year andare read by all kinds of people.Furthermore,some of th

23、e most successful films ofrecent years have been based on science fiction stories.It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new development in literature,but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago.These bookswere often concerned with the presentation of some for

24、m of ideal society,a themewhich is still often found in modern stories.Most of the classics of science fiction,however,have been written within thelast hundred years.Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H.G.Wells,to mentionjust two well-known authors,have been translated into many languages.Mode

25、rn science fiction writers don t write about men from Mars or spaceadventure stories.They are more interested in predicting the results of technicaldevelopments on society and the human mind；or in imagining future worlds whichare a reflection of the world which we live in now.Because of this their w

26、riting hasobvious political undertones.In an age where science fact frequently overtakes science fiction，the writersmay find it difficult to keep ahead of scientific advances.Those who are sufficientlyclear-sighted to see the way we are going,however,may provide a valuable lessonon how to deal with

27、the problems which society will inevitably face as it tries tomaster its new technology.1.Paragraph 1_2.Paragraph 2_3.Paragraph 34.Paragraph 4A.Popularity of Science FictionB.A Fairly New DevelopmentC.Classics of Science FictionD.Difficulty in Keeping ahead of Scientific AdventureE.Its OriginF.Theme

28、s of Modern Science Fiction5.Some form of ideal society is6.Books written by J.Verne are7.People enjoy_8.Works of modern science fiction haveA)a recurrent themeB)concerned with the problems that we have to solve in the futureC)reading books of science fictionD)political implicationsE)a current theme

29、F)read worldwideKEY：AECFAFCD职 称 英 语 等 级 考 试 综 合 类 概 括 大 意 练 习(8)Radio and TelevisionImprovements of all kinds are constantly being made in television so thatreception will be as close to perfect as possible.Perhaps the most recentadvancement of significance has been“Telstar。The specially-equipped sp

30、acecapsule,orbiting the globe,make it possible for the entire world to be closer thanever before.Now a family in Manchester can watch on TV a football match inFrance，a ski tournament in Norway,or a parade in Japan as these events areactually happening.练 习：1.Paragraph 1.2.Paragraph 2.3.Paragraph 4.A)

31、The popularity radio and TV in BritainB)The invention of the radioC)The latest development of TVD)The importance of the radio5.People make constant efforts to improve6.A telstar is a satellite t h a t，7.With the help of the telsar,events can be reported to listeners and viewersand a l m o s t.A)at t

32、he same time as they occurB)a basic necessity of lifeC)sends out signals all the timeD)travels around the globeE)the reception of their TV setsKeys：A D C B E DA职 称 英 语 等 级 考 试 综 合 类 概 括 大 意 练 习（10）Singapore2 Low-lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief（轮 廓 鲜 明 的）features.A central area of hi

33、lls rises to the maximum height of 176m.The country has a wettropical climate,with an average annual temperature of 27.20.The averageannual rainfall is 2.413 mm,the wettest months are November through January.3 Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959.A president,elected to afour-year term

34、,is head of state,and a prime minister is head of government.Thepresident used to be selected by Parliament,but by 1991 constitutional amendment（修 正 案），the president is now elected directly by the people.The Parliament isthe law-making body with its 81 members popularly elected.4 In the late 1980s t

35、he country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300pupils and 160 secondary schools with 200,200 students.The main institution ofhigher education are the National University of Singapore,several technical colleges,and a teachers college.5 Singapore has one of the highest standards of living of any

36、country in Asia.Inthe late 1980s the gross domestic product was estimated at$23.7 billion,or$8,870per person.The fishing industry is centered on the port of During,on southwesternSingapore Island.Industry has grown rapidly since the 1960s,and Singapore nowproduces a diversity（多 样 化 的）of goods,includ

37、ing chemicals,electronic items,clothing,and processed foods,etc.Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are alsoimportant.1.Paragraph 22.Paragraph 33.Paragraph 44.Paragraph 5A EducationB Land and climateC State systemD Natural resourcesE EconomyF Population5.Singapore is a small state in the southeast o

38、f A s i a.6.According to the constitution of Singapore,the president of the state isselected7.Compared with people in other Asian countries,the Singapore8.Though small,Singapore has an industry of its own and c a n,A live a better lifeB made up of more than 50 islandsC have more farmlandD not by the

39、 Parliament,but by the peopleE produce goods of various kindsF have a big populationKeys：BCAEB DAE职 称 英 语 等 级 考 试 综 合 类 概 括 大 意 练 习(19)Geology and HealthThe importance of particular metals in the human diet has been realized withinthe past few decades,and the idea that geology might be related to he

40、alth has beenrecognized for a number of elements such as iodine,zinc and selenium.For example,soils with low iodine contents produce crops,and animals deficient in iodine.A lackof iodine in the human diet leads to some serious diseases.The ultimate source of metals within the human body is rocks,whi

41、ch weatherinto soil,gaining or losing some of their chemical constituents.The crops we eatselectively remove from the soil the elements that they require for growth.The water we drinkcontains trace elements leached from rock and soil.Thus the geology andgeochemistry of the environments have effects

42、on the chemistry and health of plants，animals and people.So far there is no data to suggest that people living on metal-rich soilsexperience a potential health hazard.The levels of metals within naturallycontaminated soils are generally not high enough to cause serious health problems.Living on meta

43、l-rich soils does not represent a health risk unless large quantities ofsoil are digested or metal-rich dust is inhaled.However,small children areparticularly exposed to metal-rich topsoil in playgrounds and gardens.They are alsothe most likely ones to eat potentially dangerous metal-rich soil.Heavy

44、 metals are persistent；they do not break down to other chemicals in theenvironment.Industrially polluted sites usually undergo intensive clean-up andrehabilitation because heavy metals are a health concern once they enter the foodchain.Some trace metals are alleged to cause cancer and are also known

45、 to causepoisoning.In contrast,naturally contaminated soils have not been subject to riskassessment studies and rehabilitation measures,despite the fact that theyfrequently possess metal concentrations well above those of such polluted byhumans and above environmental quality criteria.There is a vit

46、al need to understand the potential risks and long-term healtheffects of living on naturally contaminated soils.Future environmental investigationsof naturally polluted soils should concentrate on the potential pathways of metalsinto the food chain and human body.Geologists should be part of such st

47、udies asthey can provide the essential background information on rock and soil chemistry aswell as the chemical forms of heavy metal pollution.A.No evidence to indicate bad effects of naturally contaminated soilB.Potential hazards of human contaminated soilsC.Research on channels of heavy metals get

48、ting into human food chainD.Geology and health problemsE.Rocks-the ultimate source of soil pollutionF.Long-term helth effects on children1.Paragraph 12.Paragraph 33.Paragraph 44.Paragraph 6A.industrially polluted soilsB.rock and soil chemistryC.naturally polluted soilsD.the pathways of metals into t

49、he food chainE.the element of iodineF.the persistence of heavy metals5.Some serious diseases is connected with deficiency o f.6.It is extremely necessary to study the long-term effects caused by livingo n.7.Geologists are indispensable in the research project on geology and healthdue to their knowle

50、dge on.8.Industrially contaminated sites usually require a thorough clean-up due toKey：DABCECBF职 称 英 语 等 级 考 试 综 合 类 概 括 大 意 练 习 Schools and EducationLife in the twentieth century demands preparation.Today,all individuals in acountry must have adequate schooling to prepare them fortheir work as well