高考英语专题指导-完形填空 讲义.docx

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1、专攻解题方法与技巧英语高考指导-完形填空第一讲宏观把握，题文通读，架构了然于胸做完形填空题时最大的禁忌就是急于求成、贸然行动。如果脱离语篇大环境，凭主观臆断，就会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的片面性错误。正确的做法是：先通读全文和选项，对文意和题目有个大致了解，搞清楚主旨大意及思考方向后，再进行第二遍精读和答题。如何读文，如何做题，怎样才能高效解题，本讲将给予悉心的宏观指导。一、把握4大文体特征读文求快1常考文体记叙文完形填空的文章体裁以记叙文为主，记叙文是一种以写人记事为主要内容，以叙述为主要表达方式的文体。它主要包括人物故事、历史故事、励志故事等。解题时要掌握以下答题技巧：(1)通读全文抓中

2、心。抓住了中心就有助于明确做题方向，提高针对性。(2)明确文章的叙述角度。通常记叙文有两大叙述角度：第一人称和第三人称。第一人称就是从“自我参与”的角度进行叙述，学生可从字里行间读出作者对人物、事件或景色的情感态度。第三人称就是从“旁观者”的角度客观地记人、叙事、状物。在做题时学生可以采用“角色渗透法”，即假设自己就是文中的角色会有什么感受、会做出怎样的选择等，这样有助于走进作者的思维，深入理解文章的含义。(3)理清写作顺序。根据写作需要，作者往往采用顺叙、倒叙或插叙等方法进行叙述。了解事情发展的来龙去脉，更迅速、准确地理解文意。(4)把握记叙的线索：人物线、事物线、感情线、事件线、时间线、地

3、点线等。(5)明确写作要素。包括事情发生的时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件的内容(what)、原因(why)等。抓住文章的主体，理解整篇文章。(6)洞悉写作目的。作者是借助叙述这样一个载体来阐明一个道理，给人以启迪或教益。2常考文体夹叙夹议文夹叙夹议类文章通常采用叙议结合的写作方法，文章先进行叙述，然后再在段落的结尾或文章的末尾展开议论，说明故事所蕴含的哲理或总结出作者的观点。阅读此类文章时，学生要重点关注议论的部分，从而总结出文章的主旨。3偶考文体说明文说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，用来说明事物的一种文体。它通过剖析概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性，给人准确的科

4、学知识或传递某种思想，其基本模式是：观点说明总结。4偶考文体议论文议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、提出主张或发表见解的说理性文章。议论文三要素是论点(作者的观点，也就是被证明的对象)、论据(用来证明论点的依据，是说明论点的理由和材料)和论证(运用论据证明论点的过程与方法)。高考议论型短文分为两种：一种是夹叙夹议型短文，基本模式是：叙述事件抒发感悟得出结论；另一种是纯议论型短文，基本模式是：提出论点列出论据作出总结。二、练就1项超人技能题文齐读什么是“题文齐读”为什么要“题文齐读”题文齐读，顾名思义就是一边读文，一边用眼睛的余光扫一下题目。二者并不是相互影响，而是协调配合、相互印证的。要做到同步

5、聚焦(一边读文，一边扫描对应的选项)，眼脑共用(边读文边思考，对各空的选项有一个初判)。这项技能要求较高，运用此法要保证注意力高度集中，要具备较强的聚合思维。在平时的训练中要多尝试应用才能内化于心。(1)一篇210250词的短文存在15处空格，信息的残缺不全会造成较大的文意理解障碍。不看选项，不进行初判，“硬啃式”读文，会越读越难，到后面甚至读得心烦意乱，从而造成文意理解的偏差。(2)完形填空大部分题目是送分或保分题目，通过边读边预判就能够填补大部分空格，随着越来越多的空格被填补还原，文意也就越来越明显，读文障碍也会越来越少。“题文齐读”可以大大缩减读文和答题时间。(2022新高考卷)My h

6、usband, our children and I have had wonderful camping experiences over the past ten years.Some of our _41_ are funny, especially from the early years when our children were little.Once, we _42_ along Chalk Creek.I was _43_ that our 15-month-old boy would fall into the creek (小溪)I tied a rope around

7、his waist to keep him near to our spot.That lasted about ten minutes.He was _44_， and his crying let the whole campground know it.So _45_ tying him up, I just kept a close eye on him.It _46_ he didnt end up in the creek.My three-year-old, however, did.Another time, we rented a boat in Vallecito Lake

8、.The sky was clear when we _47_， but storms move in fast in the mountains, and this one quickly _48_ our peaceful morning trip.The _49_picked up and thunder rolled.My husband stopped fishing to _50_ the motor.Nothing.He tried again.No _51_We were stuck in the middle of the lake with a dead motor.As

9、we all sat there _52_， a fisherman pulled up, threw us a rope and towed (拖) us back.We were _53_Now, every year when my husband pulls our camper out of the garage, we are filled with a sense of _54_， wondering what camping fun and_55_ we will experience next.语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者一家热爱户外活动的故事。41Aideas

10、BjokesCmemoriesDdiscoveries解析：C上文说过去10年作者一家有美好的野营经历，下文说especially from the early years when our children were little，由此判断此处应选memories，表示“记忆，回忆”。42AcampedBdroveCwalkedDcycled解析：A根据下文中的He was _44_， and his crying let the whole campground know it.可知，作者一家选择在Chalk Creek旁边露营。43AannoyedBsurprisedCdisappoin

11、tedDworried解析：D根据空后的that our 15-month-old boy would fall into the creek可知，作者担心自己15个月大的孩子会掉进小溪里。44AunhurtBunfortunateCuncomfortableDunafraid解析：C根据上下文语境可推知，孩子哭叫是因为他被绳子拴住腰部感到不舒服。45Adue toBinstead ofCapart fromDas for解析：B根据上下文语境可知，这里表示作者不再用绳子拴着他。46AworkedBhappenedCmatteredDchanged 解析：A根据上文内容和下文中的he didn

12、t end up in the creek可知，这里表示作者在露营的时候一直密切关注自己15个月大的孩子，这一招很有效，孩子没有掉进小溪里。47Asigned upBcalmed downCchecked outDheaded off 解析：D根据语境可知，此处指作者一家出发时天气还是晴朗的，但暴风雨快速来临了。48AarrangedBinterruptedCcompletedDrecorded解析：B根据语境及常识可知，这里指突如其来的暴风雨打断了作者一家平静的旅途。49AwindBnoiseCtemperatureDspeed解析：A根据上下文语境可知，此处表示风越来越大。50AfindB

13、hideCstartDfix解析：C根据上下文语境可知，作者一家乘坐的船原本停在湖面，作者的丈夫在钓鱼，暴风雨来临之后丈夫赶紧启动船只的发动机。51AluckBanswerCwonderDsignal解析：A结合上文的Nothing.和下文中的We were stuck in the middle of the lake可知，作者的丈夫再次启动发动机也失败了，此处应为No luck(运气不佳)。52ApatientlyBtirelesslyCdoubtfullyDhelplessly解析：D上文说发动机发动不了，船被困在湖中。由此可推知，当时作者一家很无助地坐在那儿。53AsorryBbrav

14、eCsafeDright解析：C上文说作者一家被困在湖中，此时一个渔民把作者一家拖到岸边。由此可推知，最终他们安全了。54AreliefBdutyCprideDexcitement解析：D根据下文wondering what camping fun and _55_ we will experience next可知，作者每次外出野营前都充满了兴奋。55AfailureBadventureCperformanceDconflict解析：B根据上文对两次野营经历的描述可知，此处应用名词adventure表示“奇遇，冒险”。第二讲活用方法，题眼精读，3类题型突破通过第一步的通览文章，明白文章大意、

15、内容梗概后，接下来便是精读文章和做题的过程。完形填空80%以上的题目都是基础题目，也就是句内、句组层次题。对于这些题目，使用“题文齐读法”便可在文章的通读环节预判解答一部分，但有些题目最终答案的确定则需要精读文章，所以对于这些题目，学生应做到解题有理有据、有法可依。一、5大方法速判句内层次题句内层次题的解题信息分布在本句内，在读懂文意的前提下，利用本句的一些信息凭借语感即可顺利选出答案。对于此类题目，学生可以边读边填，将原文信息尽量复原。方法(一)利用生活常识和文化背景解题生活是一本书，世事洞明皆学问。大部分完形填空试题需要联系上下文解答，而这其中有很多是考查生活常识和文化背景的题。学生在做题

16、时，若能积极地调动自己掌握的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，从而轻松地做出正确的判断。【典例】(2022全国乙卷)However, we all witness that preschool children are remarkably 42.bad at hiding. They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies 43 .43.AexposedBexaminedC.untouched Dim

17、balanced解析根据生活常识及本句中的They often cover only their eyes with their hands可推断，学龄前儿童在捉迷藏时只用手遮住他们自己的眼睛，而身体的其他部分都暴露在外。自主解答 A 方法(二)利用对应成分分析法解题完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系，它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。学生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分，将它作为线索，从而推断出未知填空的答案。【典例】(2022全国乙卷)We brought young children aged 24 into our Minds in

18、 Development Lab at USC. Each 47.child sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 48.ears. We then asked the child if she could 49 or hear the adult.49.AseeBhelpC.reach Dfool解析We then asked the child if she could the adult.从上述分析可以看出，第49题所填词应与or后面的hear形成对应关系。因为有or这一并列连词，且上句中的eyes or 48.ears与

19、49 or hear恰好相呼应，即眼睛能看见，耳朵能听见，由此可知正确选项。自主解答 A 方法(三)利用习惯用法及固定搭配解题解题时通过分析习惯用法、固定搭配等搭配关系和句子结构，进行有效的推理判断，从而选出正确选项。学生在解题时要灵活地运用一些常用的习惯用法、固定搭配，学会分析句子结构。【典例】(2022全国甲卷)The next week we 47.walked our dogs together. It was a hot day. When we paused to catch our 48 ， Steve got down on one knee. Was he proposing

20、 (求婚)? I liked him too, but so 49.soon？48.AbreathBbalanceC.attention Dimagination解析根据上文中的It was a hot day.可知，作者和Steve一起去遛狗的那天天气炎热，因此此处表示两人停下来喘口气。catch ones breath为固定搭配，意为“喘口气”。自主解答 A 方法(四)利用逻辑关系解题此方法是通过分析空处上下文与已知信息之间的逻辑关系来确定答案，主要应用于完形填空的两类题型：一是考查连接词和起连接词作用的短语；二是考查上下文的逻辑关系。【典例】(2022新高考卷)I tied a rope

21、 around his waist to keep him near to our spot. That lasted about ten minutes. He was 44.uncomfortable，and his crying let the whole campground know it. So 45 tying him up, I just kept a close eye on him.45.Adue to Binstead ofC.apart from Das for解析上文说作者给自己15个月大的孩子系上绳子，孩子因不舒服而哭叫。本空前的连词So表示因果关系，由此可知，为了

22、不让孩子哭，作者不再用绳子拴着他，而是紧盯着他。自主解答 B 方法(五)利用语境暗示分析法解题上下文语境具体体现为全文的中心主线和主题、作者的态度倾向和评价、上下文语篇衔接、句际和段际关系。在句内层次题中，我们通常可以通过上下文语境暗示，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。【典例】(2022新高考卷)Another time, we rented a boat in Vallecito Lake. The sky was clear when we 47.headed off, but storms move in fast in the mountains, and this one quick

23、ly 48 our peaceful morning trip.48.AarrangedBinterruptedC.completed Drecorded解析根据本空前的storms move in fast in the mountains可推知，这里指突如其来的暴风雨很快打断了作者一家平静的清晨之旅。自主解答 B 二、4种技巧智取句组层次题句组层次题是比句内层次题稍难一级的题目，其解题信息分布在空格前后的一组意群之中，解题时需瞻前顾后，综合意群信息解答。即本句信息不足填，空格前后再找信息源。技巧(一)利用语义复现解题复现是一种语义衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词/近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词

24、或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，学生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的语义复现来选出正确的答案。原词复现【典例】(2022全国乙卷)We brought young children aged 24 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. Each 47 sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 48.ears. We then asked the child if she could 49.see or hear the

25、adult.47.AparentBchildC.researcher Ddoctor解析根据本段中的We brought young children .及空后一句中的the child可知，是2到4岁的儿童参加实验，所以此处表示每个“儿童”和一个成年人坐在一起。child与空前一句中的children及空后一句中的child是原词复现。自主解答 B 同义词复现【典例】(20213月天津高考)For most people, having things stolen feels like an offence. Robbie Pruitt admitted that he got 16 whe

26、n he discovered the theft of his mountain bike last September. But soon enough, his 17.emotions took a turn. After letting go of his anger and frustration, he found himself on a road to sympathy 18.instead16.AamazedBmadCcuriousDfrightened解析根据下文中的After letting go of his anger and frustration, he foun

27、d himself on a road to sympathy可知，空处和“anger” “frustration”是同义词，由此可知正确选项。自主解答 B 反义词复现【典例】 (2021新高考卷)Our 48.roles in the factory were simple: Place cakes on a moving belt. Attach icing (糖霜) ears. Apply icing eyes and nose.49.Remove bunny from the belt. This was 50 than it sounds.51.Slow down a bit and

28、 the cakes pile up. As I told my parents at dinner that first night, it was all a little more high-pressure than Id 52.expected50.Aharder BbetterClonger Dcheaper解析尽管上文提到了Our 48.roles in the factory were simple，但根据下文中的the cakes pile up和a little more high-pressure可知，要完成一系列任务，稍微慢一点，小兔子蛋糕就会堆积起来，此处表示“这比听

29、起来要艰难多了”。 harder与上文中的simple构成了反义词复现。自主解答 A 技巧(二)利用作者的态度或感情色彩关联解题在做完形填空题时，我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词汇，它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索，可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案。【典例】(2022全国甲卷)You can tell a lot about a man by how he treats his dogs.For many years, I enjoyed living with my dogs, Tilly and C

30、hance. Their 41 was nearly enough to keep my loneliness at bay.41AownershipBmembershipCcompanionship Dleadership解析根据第二段中的For many years, I enjoyed living with my dogs, Tilly and Chance.可知，作者这些年来一直很喜欢和她的两只宠物狗生活在一起，两只狗的“陪伴”能让作者远离孤单。自主解答 C 技巧(三)利用逻辑关系解题【典例】(2022全国乙卷)For a long time, this ineffective hi

31、ding method was 44.interpreted as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures. But our 45 research results in child developmental psychology 46.contradicted that idea.45AdisappointingBmixedCsurprising Ddesired解析根据本段第一句可知，这种无效的躲藏方式被理解为(interpreted)儿童是一种完全“以自我为中心”的生物的证据。根据本空前的

32、But可知，前后两句之间是转折关系，此句意为：但是我们在儿童发展心理学方面的研究发现反驳(contradicted)了那个观点，由此推测，研究结果是“令人惊奇的”。自主解答 C 技巧(四)利用语境暗示分析法解题在句组层次题中，有些题目往往也需要通过上下文的语境暗示来解题，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。【典例】(20221月浙江高考)Ms. Burdeyney talked to some friends who had 39.similar problems and discovered that they were largely suffering in 40 . “Nobody cho

33、oses to talk about it because it seems so 41.insignificant，” she said. “But more and more are suffering and lives are being promised”40AturnBpeaceCvainDsilence解析根据下文的“Nobody chooses to talk about it because it seems so 41.insignificant，” she said.可知，她发现他们很大程度上都保持沉默，因为他们认为谈论此事似乎是微不足道的。自主解答 D 三、2种思路解决

34、语篇层次题语篇层次题是完形填空中难度最高的试题，也是学生的拉分题。此类试题需要阅读全篇，站在整个语篇的角度才能选出正确答案。思路(一)利用首尾呼应关系解题【典例】(20211月浙江高考)I was sent to the Coronado National Forest for my first 8-day 42 We had to 43.carry everything we needed and walk three miles to where we worked.It may not seem like a 44.long way but in 35 heat and with a h

35、eavy pack, my legs were on fire.My job was to 45.build a stairway out of rock.This 46.meant climbing up and down the side of a mountain inhabited (栖息) by mountain lions, although I should say they were only heard, never 47.seen. 53.Needless to say，I suffered a lot.But I know whatever I have to face

36、in my life I was there and I 54.survivedI think I am much 55.stronger for having taken part in the project.42AtourBprojectCcampaign Dcourse完形填空的文章或段落存在首尾呼应的关系，通过结合首段(或首句)和尾段(或尾句)信息，可以更好地解答部分题目。解析根据文章末尾的the project可知，本篇文章讲述的是作者某次项目的经历，结合文末信息回到文章开头可知，作者被派去Coronado National Forest是为了一个为期8天的“项目(工程)”。自主解

37、答 B 叙事类的完形填空往往通过讲述一个故事来传达中心思想或表达立意，作者多采用首尾相呼应的写法，在文章结尾处来升华主题。因此，学生应学会首尾兼顾，结合文章开头、结尾信息解答此类题目。思路(二)利用文章发展脉络解题【典例】(2022全国甲卷)You can tell a lot about a man by how he treats his dogs.The next week we 47.walked our dogs together. It was a hot day. When we paused to catch our 48.breath, Steve got down on o

38、ne knee. Was he proposing (求婚)? I liked him too, but so 49.soon? He poured water from a bottle into his hand and offered it to my dogs. 50.In that moment，I began to fall for him.A year later, much to my 58.delight, this man produced a little box with a ring and proposed to me. He did not kneel (跪) d

39、own, nor did I 59.need him to. Thats only for giving 60 to the dogs that brought us together.60AtoysBawardsCfood Dwater叙事型完形填空在行文结构上往往包括：故事开端发展高潮结局等不同情节，学生应梳理文章发展脉络，理清行文结构。解析文章首段提出了一个观点：一个人如何对待他的狗，你就能判断这个人。根据下文可知，作者是一位动物爱好者，她的男友Steve也是一位动物爱好者。在两人约会的过程中，Steve喂作者的小狗喝水的一幕深深打动了作者。一年之后，作者欣然接受了Steve的求婚。St

40、eve没有通过下跪的方式向作者求婚，因为作者认为下跪这个动作只是为了给那些让他们走到一起的小狗们“喝水”才做的。自主解答 D 解题策略遵循发展脉络，合理思考推理，及时调整思路上下求索，捕捉关键信息回头看关注是否与上文呼应，不留遗憾关键点需随机应变，不要一意孤行，更不可胡思乱想Test 1Many years ago, the psychologist Walter Mischel conducted an experiment at a preschool on the Stanford University campus. He _1_ a group of four-year-old ki

41、ds around a table with some marshmallows (棉花糖) in the middle.Mischel told them he had to leave the room for a few minutes. If they could wait until he_2_， he would give them two marshmallows. If they couldnt wait, then they could have one marshmallow _3_. One marshmallow right now, or two later. Tha

42、t was the _4_. He then left the room.A few of the kids couldnt resist and ate a marshmallow the _5_ he left. Some lasted for a few minutes before they _6_. Others smelled their marshmallows. A few kids were _7_ to resist the temptation and wait.When Mischel got back, he gave those who _8_ their well

43、-earned two marshmallows.The researcher then _9_ the lives of each of these kids up through high school. 10 ， those who had resisted eating the marshmallow had done far _11_ in school and in life than those who couldnt wait. They were more confident, more popular, and more dependable.The marshmallow

44、 test is one of the most famous psychological experiments ever _12_. Walter Mischel has proven that childrens ability to _13_ satisfaction when they were young was related to _14_ future outcomes. According to Walter Mischel, self-control can be mastered and applied to _15_ in everyday life from wei

45、ght control to quitting smoking, and making major decisions.语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Walter Mischel是斯坦福大学的心理学教授，本文简要介绍了他许多年前进行的享誉世界的棉花糖实验。1AgatheredBseparatedCattractedDinvited解析：AWalter Mischel教授将一帮四岁的小孩召集到桌子周围。2AreturnedBsucceededCfinishedDabandoned解析：A如果孩子们愿意等到Walter Mischel教授回来，他将给每个孩子两颗棉花糖。3AgraduallyBeve

46、ntuallyCregularlyDimmediately解析：D孩子们面临两种选择，后者是马上就能得到一颗棉花糖。4AplanBdealCconceptDprinciple解析：BWalter Mischel教授跟孩子们达成了协议。这里的deal意为“协议”。5AperiodBmomentChourDchance解析：B教授一离开，有个别孩子就吃掉了自己的棉花糖。6Aturned downBtook overCgave inDshowed up解析：C还有一些孩子坚持了几分钟后也屈服于棉花糖的诱惑。7AdeterminedBambitiousCsensitiveDintelligent解析：A有几个小孩决心抵制诱惑，坚持到底。8Amade outBset outCgave outDheld out解析：DWalter Mi