[精选]BorrowingAsourceofEnglishwordstock.pptx

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1、适用于抽象等类别Borrowing:A source of English word stockNative wordsMajor sources Minor sources点击添加标题words from Chinese“The English language has vast debts.In any dictionary some 80%of the entries are borrowed.English is supposed to have the most copious 丰富的 vocabulary of all the language in the world,estim

2、ated at more than a million words.-The Encyclopedia AmericanaEnglish is Fun!Native wordsLatin French点击添加标题 GreekEnglishVocabularynativewordsborrowedwords/loan-wordsAnglo-SaxonLatinScandinavianlanguagesFrenchGreekItalian,Spanish,German,PortugueseArabic,Australian,Chinese,Persian,Two Elements in Moder

3、n EnglishTwo Elements in Modern EnglishThe native words of the English languageThenativewords NativewordsarethefoundationandthecoreofEnglishvocabulary.TheyarewordsofAnglo-Saxonorigin Theyarewordswhoseorigincannotbetracedtoanyotherlanguages.Warm-up exercise Can you infer the modern English spelling o

4、f the following old English words?Mann Wf Hs standan Laf Gesete Man,wife,house,stand,leaf,seat 3.2 The Native Element in Modern English native words are the foundation and the core of English vocabulary.e.g.a.the numerals unto a thousand b.the most intimate family relations;father,mother,etc.c.most

5、natural phenomena and planets,day,night,etc.d.many mon animals:hare,deer,horse,cow,sheep,etc.e.qualities and properties:old,young,good,evil,kind,etc.f.mon actions:do,make,go,e,hear,eat,etc.g.most of auxiliary and modal verbs:shall,will,etc.h.pronouns:I,you,he,my,your,his,who,whose,etc.i.propositions

6、:in,out,on,under,etc.j.conjunctions:and,but,till,as,etc.Characteristics of the native elementa.All-national character:Wordsofthebasicwordstockdenotethemostmonthingsandphenomenaoftheworldaroundpeoplewhospeakthelanguage.b.Great stability:The native element lives for centuries providing the English wit

7、h a basis for the formation of new words.Astheydenotethemonestthingsnecessarytolife,theyarelikelytoremain unchanged.c.Native element:ThenativeelementinModernEnglishismostlymonosyllabic.单音节的 e.g.sun,cow,go,rund.Word-formation ability:Mostwordsofnativeoriginpossesslargeclusterofderivedandpoundwordsint

8、hepresent-daylanguage.Handy,handle,handiwork,handcraft,handful,handbook,handbarrow,hand cuff.e.Wide collocability:搭配强度 Manynativewordsenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idioms,phrasesandproverbialsayings.e.g.heartf.Plurality of meanings:Mostofthe native words haveundergonestrikingtransformationsinsem

9、antic 语 义的structure,andasaresultarenowadayshighlypoly-semantic.e.g.totell:makeknown,express,explain;utter,confidein泄密，吐露心声;distinguish;count;reveal;scold.g.High frequency value:the native element forms thebulkofthemostfrequentelementsusedinanystyleof speech.They constitute no less than 80%of the500m

10、ostfrequentwords.h.Stylistic neutral:文体中性 e.g.to begin neutral-to mence formal.Achangeofheart,afteronesownheart,cryonesheartout,aheartofgold,atheart,breakonesheart,crossonesheart,haveonesheartinonesmouth,heartandhand,heartandsoul,takesthtoheart,wearsb.Inonesheart,withallonesheart.改变主意;改邪归正;完全符合自己的心意

11、痛哭流涕道德高尚的人内心里,在感情深处伤某人的心在胸口划十字吓得要命,焦急万分热心地全心全意地把某事放在心上忠于某人全心全意地3.3.Borrowing:An overview A loan word,borrowed word or borrowing isawordtakenoverfromanotherlanguageandmodifiedinphonemicshape,spelling,paradigms 词形变化ormeaningaccordingtothestandardoftheEnglishlanguage.70%oftheEnglishvocabularyareloan-wo

12、rdsandonly30%ofthewordsarenative.Means of borrowings into English Three ways:a.Oral speechb.Written speechc.Through invaders Four Groups of Loan-words a.Alien 非同化词:wordsborrowedfromaforeignlanguagewithoutanychangeoftheforeignsoundandspelling.Theyretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.Thesewor

13、dsareimmediatelyrecognizableasforeigninorigin.e.g.coup，fiance未婚妻 b.Denizens 外来语同化词:wordstakenfromaforeignlanguagewithatransformationoftheforeignsoundandspellingintonativeforms.TheyarewellassimilatedintoEnglish.e.g.portfromportus L;Change:changier Fc.Translation loans 译 借 词:words borrowed fromforeign

14、languagesbymeansoftranslation.TheyformedfromtheexistingmaterialinEnglishbutmodelledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.e.g.land-reform-土改;long time no seeCH;surplus value:mehrwertGd.Semantic loan 借义词:Wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttheirmeanings.Semanticborrowingsalsoref

15、ertowordswhichhaveacquiredanewmeaningundertheinfluenceofotherlanguages.e.g.pioneer:-“explorer only or“person doing pioneering work-“amemberoftheYoungPioneer fromRussian“joy,music take its present meaning from Norse3.4 Major sources of borrowing Latin Scandinavian/oldNorse French/Norman GreekWarm-up

16、exercise Infer the sources of the following English words.Ynne/onion,discus/dish,Manchester,bishop,altar,temple,abdomen,editor Sky,skirt,score,scorch,sick/ill,skill/craft Army,besiege,guard;diamond,dress,embroidery,fashion;bacon,beef,bonvoyage,elite,bizarre Biology,genius,autocrat,automobile,geology

17、 Czar,sputnik Yin-yang,dimsum,kungfu,oolong,coolie Shanghai 3.4.1 Latin Elementsa.The Zero Period-Germanic tribes e.g.wine vinum,ass asellus,colony clonia,cook coquus,cup cuppa,pepper piper,pear,kettle,chest,dish,mile,pea,street,beet,wall.b.The First Period not direct borrowing from Latin but from O

18、E e.g.Celtic:cester Latin:castra camp Chester,Gloucester,Manchester,Lancaster,etc.c.The Second Period-introduction of Christianity religion:altar,apostle 使 徒,priest,bishop 主教,hymn唱赞美歌 and creed.domestic life:butter,cheese,copper,marble,palm,pine松树,spade,etc.d.The Third Period after Norman Conquest p

19、rolific 丰富的e.g.abject,allegory,contempt,infinite,interrupt,minor,moderate,necessary,popular prevent,quiet,suppress,etc.e.The Fourth Period-Renaissance Abstract and scientific words e.g.genius,item,nucleus,formula,index,superior,area,exist,circus,series,apparatus,miser,medium,senior,junior,curriculum

20、,dictum etc.Latin words for specialized use:vice versa,cathedral 大 教 堂,persona 小说、戏剧中的人物,角色,non grata 不受欢送的 Latin abbreviations:a.m.=ante meridiem;p.m.=post meridem;i.e.=id est;e.g.=exempli grata;etc.=et cetera;ibid=ibidem in the same place;cf.=confer-pare3.4.2 The Scandinavian Elements Scandinavian

21、 is the northern branch of the Germanic languages,prising Danish,Norwegian,Swedish,Icelandic,and Faroese,all descended from Old Norse 古挪威语.In the 9th century:the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.Finally they succeeded in placing a Danish king on the throne of England.With the i

22、nvaders,many scandinavian words came into English.These new words did not identify new ideas and objects.They were everyday words for which the English had terms and expressions.Many words were exactly alike,such as father,husband,house,life,man,mother,summer and winter.It is estimated that at least

23、 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English,such as skirt,skill,window,leg,grasp,birth,they,their,them and egg.3.4.3 French Loan Wordsa.Norman French element Feudalism and war:arms,amour,banner,captain,duke,soldier,march,count,countess etc.The church:alter,Bible,ceremony,devoti

24、on religion,sermon,saint,sacrifice,etc.The law:attorney,court,judge,accuse,jury,fine,justice,heritage,session,suit,etc.Hunting:rabbit,venison,falcon.猎鹰；,chase,etc.Trade and everyday affairs:barber,chair,carpenter,chamber,city,grocer,labor,mason,tailor,pork,beef,mutton,veal,etc.mon monosyllabic words

25、 derived from early French.e.g.Falling under the first three letters of the alphabet age,air,arm,boil,brace,breeze,brush,cage,calm,car case,cause,cease,cell,chain,chance,change,chase,chief,chaise,chief,chaise,claim,clear,close,corpse,course,court,crime,cry,etc.b.Central French or Parisian French ele

26、mentFashionable life and polite pastime:ballet,connoisseur艺术品的鉴赏家,suite,belles-letters纯文学,salon,fete,souvenir,debut,cuisine,boulevard,vignette,etiquette Words from the French Revolution:revolution,despotism,regime,tyranny,and royalism.Food and cooking,dress and furnishings:cafe,menu,bon jour早安,blous

27、e,trousseau,pince-nez,surtout,etc.Some phonetic features:1 ch pronounced F as chapeau帽子,chauffeur司机,machine,etc2 g before e and i pronounced as V-beige,bourgeois,prestige,regime;3 ou pronounced as u-coup,rouge,beaucoup;4 final consonant p,s,t not pronounced,as in coup,debris,ballet,debut开张,etc.3.4.4

28、 Greek Adoptions Greek words entered English at the time of the Renaissance.Some Creek words came in through Latin or French,while others through Greek directly.The majority of Greek borrowings is of a highly learned and specialized character.a.Literary terminology:drama,edy,tragedy,poet,and rhythm;

29、b.Philosophy and mathematics:basis,category,ethics,theory,and thesis;c.Botany and physics:bulb,cactus,organism,pneumatic;d.Medicine:diagnosis,neuralgia,rheumatism;e.Modern inventions:bicycle,phonograph,photograph,telegraph,telephone,and television;peculiar clusters:ch,ph,pn,rh,as in chasm,phone,pneu

30、matic,rhetoric;certain distinct Greek suffixes:-id,-isk,-ism,-ist,-ize,-oid,-osis,e.g.pyramid,asterisk,organism,socialist,philosophize,asteroid,neurosis.Some Modern English words based on Greek roots:Bio-life biology,biochemistry;gam-marriage monogamy,polygamy,bigamy;Gen to produce genesis,genuine,g

31、enius;p.423.5MinorsourceofborrowingItalian mainly in the fields of music,art and architecture:concert,duet,piano,soprano,solo,tenor;model,bust,studio;dome,balcony,sonnet,influenza,lava and so on;Spanish:armada,cargo,vanilla,cocoa,barbecue,cockroach 蟑螂,ranch and cigar;Portuguese:caste,buffalo,flaming

32、o,veranda and pagoda;German:poodle狮子狗,cobalt钴,nickel,plunder,waltz and zinc;Dutch:dock,freight,frolic嬉戏,cruise，buoy 救生圈 and keel船龙骨 Russian:vodka,troika三驾马车,ruble,steppe,sputnik and tsar;Australian:kangaroo,wombat and dingo;Chinese WordsAmoy eastern China 厦门pekoe,a type of tea 白毫茶.tea,originally pro

33、nounced like tay,can be traced to Dutch thee,from Malay and Amoy.Cantonese southern China,Hong Kong chop suey,from a word meaning miscellaneous bits.炒杂烩菜chow,中国狗人 kumquat,a small citrus fruit 金桔.typhoon,from the words for great wind.yen,meaning a yearning or strong desire.Mandarin Beijing,China;offi

34、cial national standard gung ho,a motto used by the Chinese Industrial Cooperative Society,from words meaning work together.It was picked up by U.S.Marines during World War II.kow-tow,from words meaning to knock ones head.kung fu,from gong fu,meaning skill,art.JapaneseWordsaikido,fromwordsmeaningmutu

35、alspiritart.futon,atypeofmattress.geisha,fromgei,meaningartandsha,person.honcho,fromawordmeaningsquadleader.judo,fromwordsmeaningsoftway.jujitsu,fromwordsmeaningsoftarts.karaoke,fromkara,meaningvoid,emptyandoke sutora,meaningorchestra.Inacaseofreverseborrowing,theJapanesewordokesutoracamefromtheEngl

36、ishwordorchestra.karate,fromwordsmeaningemptyhand.Kimono,Alooserobewornchieflybywomen.ninja,fromnin,meaningtoendureandja,person.ramen,ultimatelyfromtheMandarinChinesewordsforpullednoodles.rickshaw,fromjinrikisha,meaningperson-strength-vehicle.sake,aricewine.samurai,warrior.shogun,general.sushiSmallc

37、akesofcoldcookedricewrappedinseaweed,dressedwithvinegar,andtoppedorwrappedwithslicesofraworcookedfish,egg,orvegetables.tofu,originallyborrowedintoJapanesefromChinese.tsunami,meaningalargeoceanwave.Arabic:sugar,sultan苏丹某些穆斯林国家的统治者,alcohol,algebra,cipher密码,zero and alcohol;Indian:coolie,cashmere and k

38、haki卡其布;Hebrew:shibboleth口令 and kosher卫生合法的;African:gorilla大猩猩；and zebra.Korean：kimchi 泡菜 tae kwon do 跆拳道In fact English has adopted words from almost every known language in the course of its historical汪榕培英语词汇学教程P.293 3.6 Influences of borrowing Borrowing greatly enlarged the English vocabulary.Apa

39、rt from that,it also brought about some changes in synonymic groups.Doublets:pairs of words or group of three,which have arisen from the same original form but have in the course of linguistic development acquired different forms and meanings.e.g.eatableedible coffeecafe Hybrids:words of mixed origi

40、n e.g.graceful=graceL root+native suffixes-ful.troublesome=French root+native suffixes.Triplets:sets of three words which all express the same fundamental meaning,but which differ slightly in meaning or stylistic effect.Assignment1 汉语中的外来语分哪些类型？CT 沙发 伊妹儿。*Loanwords in Chinese:e.g.:humor 幽默 laser 雷射

41、chocolate 巧克力 pudding 布丁 hamburger 汉堡 champagne 香槟 series 系列 neon 霓虹灯 model 模特儿 sofa 沙發 motorcycle 摩托車 sauna 三溫暖 golf 高尔夫球 poker 扑克牌 shock 休克 T-shirt T 恤 meter 米达尺 cartoon 卡通 boycott 杯葛 romance 罗曼史 shangrila 香格里拉 人間的理想乐园 ham 洋火腿 lighter 打火机 auto bike 機車 screw-driver 起子 tomato 番茄 camera 相机 battery 电池

42、 truck 卡车 card 卡片 Nylon 尼龙 scooter 速可达 engine 引擎 handle-bar 方向盘Chinese-relatedvocabulary Chinesecabbage/celerycabbage 大白菜 Chinesedates/jujube Chinesegooseberry 猕猴桃，中国醋栗 Chinesequarter 唐人街 Chineseink Chinesechequers/checkers 跳棋 Chinesefloweringapple 海棠花 Chinesehoney 柑，卢柑汕头蜜桔 Chineseherbalmedicine Chi

43、nesewoodoil 桐油 ChineseWall Chinesepuzzle 难题,难解之谜 Chineselantern Chinesecalender Chineseleaf 生菜叶 Chineselute 琵琶 Chinesepotato 山药,薯蓣 Chinesewatermelon 冬瓜Assignment2 Consultyourdictionaryandmakesurethemeaningofwordsinthefollowingpages:Group1:p.35Latin,15words Group2:p.36,3.4.2,15words Group3:p.38,3.4.3

44、,15words Group4:p.39,3.4.4,15words Group5:p.40,3.5,15words Group6Origin of OK过渡页1 OK 这种用法的最早使用者是 的一位邮政职工，他的名字叫欧德.克利，英文名字开头的第一个字母是“O 和“K。每天他都要经手处理许多邮件，而且都要签上自己的名字，表示已经某人验收，以示负责。但由于签写的劳动量很大，处理起来要占用许多时间。为了减轻劳动强度，节省时间，他就在邮件上用缩写的形式“O.K 来代替自己的姓名全称。他的这一做法居然得到了方方面面人士的认可和赞同。从1944 年起，电信局也开始采用这种签名法，作为对验收电报的一种确

45、认。只不过签收者不管叫什么名字，以什么字母开头，统一签做“OK。再后来，“OK 一词便开展和演变成日常生活中一句十分流行的用语 2 杰克逊生于1767 年，61 岁时中选 总统。杰克逊总统在批阅公文时如认为内容没有问题可以发回各部门执行时，就会在公文上写上OllKorrect 二字，表示“完全正确可行。经过一段时期，下属明白并熟悉这二字的意思后，杰克逊便会只写上OK 二字代表OLLKorrect。OllKorrect 实质上是AllCorrect 的误写，那么为何一位堂堂 总统会出现拼写错误呢？有人从 语文教学历史的角度给出了解释，他说，英文语音学是二十世纪初期才创立开展的学科，而十九世纪的杰

46、克逊可能未有留心到单音字母C 有两种发音，即s和k。因而，当他拼写单词Correct 时可能觉得发k的字母应该是字母K，于 是就写作了Korrect。至于杰克逊为何将ALL 写成Oll，。在语音教学尚未兴旺之时，一般学英文讲英文的人士，包括英 民，以为A 只有两种语音分别是别是ei 和a:，却不知A 在辅音L 和W 之前，可以发元音O 的音。文章推测说，杰克逊总统因此将All 按发音写成了Oll。3DemocraticOKClub Okay 这个词是在19 世纪由一个政治团体创造的。有一个民主 竞选人叫MartinVanBuren，准备参加总统竞选，他的拥护者成立了一个俱乐部为他做宣传，俱乐部

47、的名称就叫“OldKinderhookClub，据说O 和K 两个字母取自于VanBuren 的故土，纽约州的OldKinderhook，那是他出生的地方。马丁范布伦是 第八任总统，也是第一位于 独立宣言正是签署后出生的总统。4 最感伤来源 OKKBWP Onekindkissbeforewepart5 最雷人来源 OK 起源于战争=0kill.也就是0 伤亡战场上最重要的是人员无伤亡，也是最敏感的，当一阵炮火扫过，有时候就会检查状态，于是就会报出0kill的说法，同时因为战场上很吵闹，还需要做出0 的手势！于是手势结合发音快捷，就变成了现在的OK!6VOA 探究 Now,theVOASpec

48、ialEnglishprogramWORDSANDTHEIRSTORIES.MillionsofpeopleallovertheworldusethewordOK.Infact,somepeoplesaythewordisusedmoreoftenthananyotherwordintheworld.OKmeansallrightoracceptable.Itexpressesagreementorapproval.Youmightaskyourbrother,IsitokayifIborrowyourcar?Orifsomeoneasksyoutodosomething,youmightsa

49、y,Okay,Iwill.Still,languageexpertsdonotagreeaboutwherethewordcamefrom.SomepeoplesayitcamefromtheNativeAmericanIndiantribeknownastheChoctaw.TheChoctawwordokehmeansthesameastheAmericanwordokay.ExpertssayearlyexplorersintheAmericanWestspoketheChoctawlanguageinthenineteenthcentury.Thelanguagespreadacros

50、sthecountry.Butmanypeopledisputethis.LanguageexpertAllenWalkerReadwroteaboutthewordOKinreportspublishedinthenineteensixties.Hesaidthewordbeganbeingusedintheeighteenthirties.Itwasashortwayofwritingadifferentspellingofthewordsallcorrect.Someforeign-bornpeoplewroteallcorrectaso-l-lk-o-r-r-e-c-t,andused