英语快速阅读训练.pdf

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1、Hope is HealthyYou are about to go to the hospital for a routine surgical procedure.Which attitude ishealthier?A.HFd better find out everything I can about this operation-you can never know too much.B.Dont tell me the details.Its going to be fine.Answer B is supposed to be the wrong one.Its an examp

2、le of what psychologists calldenial,a defence mechanism that minimizes uncomfortable information.Denial,they haveargued,is stupid,self-defeating and ultimately dangerous.But research is showing that answer B is a faster route to recovery.Denial一of a certain sortand at certain timescan be healthy.Of

3、course,you do need to pay attention to some unpleasantfacts.The trick is to know when its helpful to worry and when its counterproductive.Out-and-out denial may be the best approach to surgery,according to Richard S.Lazarus,professor of psychology at the University of California at Berkeley.With Fra

4、nces Cohen,Lazarusstudied 61 patients about to undergo operations（all relatively common operations）.In general,patients followed one of two mental strategies;avoidance or vigilance.Typically,avoiders had not discussed their surgery in detail with anyone,didnt want to knowabout it and didnt dwell upo

5、n its risks.In contrast,vigilant types were alert to every detail.Many sought out articles about theirdisorders.They wanted to know the risks of surgery,the risks if surgery was not performed,thesurgical procedures,the potential complications and the likelihood of recurrence.When Lazarus and Cohen c

6、ompared the two groups after surgery,they found that avoidersgot on much better.They had a lower incidence of postoperative complications such as nausea（恶心），headache,fever and infection.The net result:they were discharged sooner.One reason may be that their denial make room for hope,or at least for

7、a positive outlook,even under the grimmest of conditions.Never deny the diagnosis,but do deny the negativeopinion that may go with it J advises Norman Cousins,author of Anatomy of an Illness and TheHealing Heart.Why?Because grim warnings about diseases come from statistics on the averagecase.Cousins

8、 believes that most patients,given hope and determination,have a good chance totranscend the averages.Adds Dr.Hackett:Deniers see the machines theyre hooked up to as helping them to get well,not as a sign of a badly functioning heart.Those who feel most positive about their ability to getwell tend t

9、o do better than those who fear and worry more.nOf course,none of these researchers would conclude that denial is the best approach to allmedical matters.A diabetic must monitor blood sugar;a kidney patient must keep track of dialysis（透析）；a woman who finds a lump in her breast must not delay in havi

10、ng it diagnosed.The question to ask yourself,Dr.Lazarus explains,is whether the information you gather willhelp you solve a problem,or whether there is little you can do to change things.In the first case,pay attention and act.In the second case,dont become preoccupied with the risks;anxiety canwors

11、en your health.Dr.Herbert Benson,associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School,points outthat the overly vigilant patients central nervous system becomes aroused into the fight-or-flightresponse.But since all the patient can do is lie there,his body suffers the classic damages ofstress.W

12、hile studying peoples reactions to medical stress,Temple University psychologist SuzanneMiller and University of Pennsylvania gynecologic oncologist（妇科肿瘤学）Charles E.Manganplaced 40 women about to undergo colposcopy（阴道镜检查）in two different groups,accordingto their coping style.Millers main interest wa

13、s to see whether any of these women would cope better if they hadextra information.She gave half of each group voluminous details about what would happen andhow they would feel;she gave the rest only the basic facts.Overall,the results reinforced thebenefits of avoidance.The women given minimal info

14、rmation fell more relaxed throughout theprocedure than the women who knew more.（Oddly enough,the group desiring informationcomplained that they would have liked even more.The very act of gathering details seemed tomake them less anxious.）Millers research shows that different people react to news abo

15、ut their situations in verydifferent ways.That means,she suggests,that people should seek as much or as little informationas their individual coping style dictates.Does the research on denial mean we should regress（倒退）to the days when physicians usedto say,Dont tell patients anything,because they do

16、nt really want to know?Hardly.People havea right to know what is going to happen to them,and to take part in decisions about their treatment.But patients can get necessary information without learning a lot of nerve-racking details theydont need.For example,a physician can say:You have a suspicious

17、Pap test.The next procedure iscalled colposcopy;it will take fifteen minutes.n The doctor doesnt need to describe everything acolposcope does,feels like or might find.Similarly,a woman should seek all the options if she hasa suspicious Pap test,but once she makes a decision,she should not be obsesse

18、d about it.You could summarize the research in a set of guidelines:In general,it is best to block out medical threats and worries when there is nothing you cando about them一say,after youve decided to undergo surgery.Dont dwell on all that could gowrong or visualize every fearful detail;concentrate i

19、nstead on what is likely to go right.Be vigilant about matters that you can control,such as paying attention to signs of illness.,Find out your personal disposition to avoid details or to acquire all information possible,and let your own inclination be your guidebut only up to a point.Many of those

20、who gatherany and all facts are putting themselves through more stress than they need to,Miller says.Sheadvises them to learn when their approach will only increase their anxiety.In those cases,theyddo better to turn off their radar.On the other hand,avoiders should recognize when it is valuableto g

21、ather more facts than they might like to.The basic advice is clear:dont feel guilty if you decide to take the rosy view.Concentratingon the positive turns out to be medically sound.1.It is suggested in the passage that if you were a vigilant patient,you should learn to adopt anew strategy of avoidan

22、ce because it brings you less stress.2.The doctors are discovering that the best medicine is often simply to deny the worst andexpect the best.3.Miller divided the women patients into two groups at will and provided each group witheither detailed or basic information in order to find out who would g

23、et on better.4.Based on the findings of the researches,doctors find it hard to decide whether they shouldtell patients anything about their illness.5.Psychologists have changed their opinion that it is stupid and dangerous for people to denyuncomfortable information.6.A tip for both deniers and vigi

24、lant patients is:avoid details or acquire much informationfollowing your own coping style,but only to a certain point.7.It is unnecessary for patients to get information about their disorders because there isnothing they can do about their illness.8.Patients generally fall into two gr oups:a nd.9.“A

25、 diabetic must monitor blood sugar;1 helps explain that to all cases.10.All patients should pay attention to.【答案见下页】I.N 2.Y 3.N 4.N 5.NG 6.Y 7.N8.avoiders,deniers 9.denial is not the best approach 10.signs of illnessLike most parents,geologist Brain Atwater worries about his daughters safety.But the

26、se days,he has an unusual concern;The public school she_1_ in Seattle has unreinforced brick walls,a _2_being easy to collapse during earthquakes.The same_3_of walls crushed hundredsof thousands of people during the 1976 Tangshan quake in China.A decade ago,Atwater would have paid little notice to s

27、choolroom walls.But over the lastseveral years,he and other scientists have found_4_signs that the Pacific Northwest hasexperienced giant quakes in the distant past and that the area may be headed for a destructiveshock in the near future.At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in December,re

28、searchers discussedthe_5_uncovered evidence of quake potential in the Pacific Northwest.While some remainunconvinced that huge earthquakes-with magnitudes of 8 or higher-do indeed_6_thisregion,a growing number consider such shocks a serious possibility.Whats worrisome,they say,is that northwestern c

29、ities such as Portland,Seattle andVancouver have not prepared for earthquakes of this magnitude,which could shake the regions_7_centers with enough force to make the recent San Francisco area damage seem_8_in comparison.I think its quite true to say that nothing has really been designed with one of

30、theseearthquakes in mind,”says seismologist Paul Somerville of Woodward.At the meeting,Somerville and his colleagues_9_estimates of the degree of shaking.Portland and Seattlewould suffer during such a _10_ earthquake.A.massive B.recently C.construction D.displayedE.relatively F.attends G.type H.stri

31、keI.structure J.participates K.excessive L.mildM.disturbing N.population 0.presented1.F 2.C 3.G 4.M 5.B 6.H 7.N 8.L 9.O 10.AThe economy of the United States after 1952 was the economy of a well-fed,almost fullyemployed people.Despite_ 1_ alarms,the country escaped any postwar depression and lived in

32、a2of boom.An economic survey of the year 1955,a typical year of the 1950s,may be typicalas3the rapid economic growth of the decade.The national output was_ 4at 10 percentabove that of 1954（1955 output was estimated at 392 billion dollars）.The production ofmanufactures was about 40 percent more than

33、it had_ 5 in the years immediately followingWorld War I.The countrys business spent about 30 billion dollars for new factories andmachinery.National income _ 6 for spending was almost a third greater than it had been in1950.Consumers spent about 256 billion dollars;that is about 700 million dollars

34、a day,or abouttwenty-five million dollars every hour,all round the _ 7_ .Sixty-five million people held jobsand only a little more than two million wanted jobs but could not find them.Onlyagriculture_ 8that it was not sharing in the boom.To some observers this was a sad reflectionof the mid-1920,s.A

35、s farmers share of their products_ 9 _ ,marketing costs rose.But there were,among the observers of the national economy,a few who were not as confident as the majority.Those few seemed to fear that the boom could not last long and would_ 10_ lead to theopposite-depression.A.eventually B.averaged C.g

36、radually D.stateE.valued F.form G declined H.occasionalI.casual J.argued K.descended L.complainedM.clock N.available O.illustratingI.H 2.D 3.O 4.E 5.B 6.N 7.M 8.L 9.G 10.AEtiquette（礼仪）The origins of etiquettethe conventional rules of behavior and ceremonies observed inpolite society一are complex.One

37、of them is respect for authority.From the most primitive times,subjects（臣民）showed respect for their ruler by bowing,prostrating themselves on the ground,notspeaking until spoken to,and never turning their backs to the throne.Some rulers developed rulesto stress even further the respect due to them.T

38、he emperors of Byzantium expected their subjectsto kiss their feet.When an ambassador from abroad was introduced,he had to touch the groundbefore the throne with his forehead.Meanwhile the throne itself was raised in the air so that,onlooking up,the ambassador saw the ruler far above him,haughty and

39、 remote.Absolute rulers have,as a rule,made etiquette more complicated rather than simpler.Thepurpose is not only to make the ruler seem almost godlike,but also to protect him from familiarity,for without some such protection his life,lived inevitably in the public eye,would be intolerable.The court

40、 of Louis XIV of France provided an excellent example of a very highly developedsystem of etiquette.Because the king and his family were considered to belong to France,theywere almost continually on show among their courtiers（朝臣）.They woke,prayed,washed anddressed before crowds of courtiers.Even lar

41、ge crowds watched them eat their meals,and access totheir palace was free to all their subjects.Yet this public life was organized so carefully,with such a refinement of ceremonial,that theauthority of the King and the respect in which he was held grew steadily throughout his lifetime.Acrowd watched

42、 him dress,but only the Duke who was his first valet de chamber（贝占身男仆）wasallowed to hold out the right sleeve of his shirt,only the Prince who was his Grand Chamberlaincould relieve him of his dressing gown,and only the Master of the Wardrobe might help him pullup his trousers.These were not familia

43、rities,nor merely duties,but highly desired privileges.Napoleon recognized the value of ceremony to a ruler.When he became Emperor,he discardedthe revolutionary custom of calling everyone citizen,restored much of the Court ceremonial thatthe Revolution had destroyed,and recalled members of the nobil

44、ity to instruct his new court in theold formal manners.Rules of etiquette may prevent embarrassment and even serious disputes.The general rule ofsocial precedence is that people of greater importance precede those of lesser importance.Beforethe rules of diplomatic precedence were worked out in the e

45、arly sixteenth century,rivalambassadors often fought for the most honourable seating position at a ceremony.Before theprinciple was established that ambassadors of various countries should sign treaties in order ofseniority,disputes arose as to who should sign first.The establishment of rules for su

46、ch mattersprevented uncertainty and disagreement,as to rules for less important occasions.For example,atan English wedding,the mother of the bridegroom should sit in the first pew or bench on theright-hand side of the church.The result is dignity and order.Outside palace circles,the main concern of

47、etiquette has been to make harmonious thebehaviour of equals,but sometimes social classes have used etiquette as a weapon againstintruders,refining their manners in order to mark themselves off from the lower classes.In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France,decreasing prosperity andi

48、ncreasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawingfrom the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette.In a prosperous community,on theother hand,polite society soon absorbs the newly rich,and in England there has never been anyshortage of b

49、ooks on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.Every code of etiquette has contained three elements:basic moral duties;practical ruleswhich promote efficiency;and artificial,optional graces such as formal compliments to,say,women on their beauty or superiors on

50、their generosity and importance.In the first category are consideration for the weak and respect for age.Among the ancientEgyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people.Among the Mponguwe ofTanzania,the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders.In England,until about a cent