英语阅读提高必备.pdf
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1、考 研 英 语 阅 读 一 难 文 章 讲 义 主 讲:范 猛 欢 迎 使 用 新 东 方 在 线 电 子 教 材 2009版 强 化 班 Unit 2Passage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but neverthelessremarkable activity called remembering.Learning could not occur without the function popularlynamed memory.Constant practice
2、has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performanceon the piano,to recitation of a poem,and even to reading and understanding these words.So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory,remembering being a primary requirement forreasoning.The ability to solve any problem or even to recogn
3、ize that a problem exists depends onmemory.Typically,the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlierexperiences.Practice(or review)tends to build and maintain memory for a task or fbr any learned material.Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten;an
4、d the adaptiveconsequences may not seem obvious.Yet,dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen tobe adaptive.In this sense,the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through aprocess of natural selection in animals.Indeed,when one*s memory of an emotionally painfulexperience
5、lead to serious anxiety,forgetting may produce relief.Nevertheless,an evolutionaryinterpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process offorgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,it is helpf
6、ulto consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.Forgetting clearly aids orientation intime,since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferringduration.Without forgetting,adaptive ability would suffer,fbr example,learned behaviour thatmight have been coiTe
7、ct a decade ago may no longer be.Cases are recorded of people who(byordinary standards)forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion.Thisforgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limit
8、ed capacity that providesadaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.In this view,continual adjustments are madebetween learning or memory storage(input)and forgetting(output).Indeed,there is evidence thatthe rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned
9、.Such dataoffers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67.From the evolutionary point of v i e w,.A forgetting fbr lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptiveBJ if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptiveC the gradual pr
10、ocess of forgetting is an indication of an individuals adaptabilityDJ sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68.According to the passage,if a person never f o r g e t s,.|A he would survive bestB he would have a lot of troubleC his ability to learn would be enhancedDJ the evolution o
11、f memory would stop69.From the last paragraph we know t h a t.AJ forgetfulness is a response to learning.B the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system|C memory is a compensation fbr forgettingDJ the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70.I
12、n this article,the author tries to interpret the function ofA remembering B forgettingC adapting D experiencingUnit 3Passage 3In the last half of the nineteenth century capital1 and labour were enlarging and perfectingtheir rival organisations on modern lines.Many an old firm was replaced by a limit
13、ed liabilitycompany with a bureaucracy of salaried managers.The change met the technical requirements ofthe new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency thatso commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after theenerge
14、tic founders.It was moreover a step away from individual initiative,towards collectivismand municipal and state-owned business.The railway companies,though still private businessmanaged for the benefit of shareholders,were very unlike old family business.At the same timethe great municipalities went
15、 into business to supply lighting,trams and other services to thetaxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had importantconsequences.Such large,impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased thenumbers and importance of shareholders as a class,an
16、 element in national life representingirresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners;and almost equallydetached from the responsible management of business.All through the nineteenth century,America,Africa,India,Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by Brit
17、ish capital,andBritish shareholders were thus enriched by the worlds movement towards industrialisation.Townslike Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large comfortable classes who had retiredon their incomes,and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawingdividen
18、ds and occasionally attending a shareholders*meeting to dictate their orders to themanagement.On the other hand shareholding0 meant leisure and freedom which was used bymany of the Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilisation.The shareholders as such had no knowledge of the lives,thoug
19、hts or needs of the workmenemployed by the company in which he held shares,and his influence on the relations of capitaland labour was not good.The paid manager acting fbr the company was in more direct relationwith the men and their demands,but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of
20、 theworkmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old familybusiness now passing away.Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmeninvolved rendered such personal relations impossible.Fortunately,however,the increasing powerand organisation of the
21、trade unions,at least in all skilled trades,enabled the workmen to meet onequal terms the managers of the companies who employed them.The cruel discipline of the strikeand lockout taught the two parties to respect each others strength and understand the value of fairnegotiation.9.It*s true of the ol
22、d family firms t h a t.(A)they were spoiled by the younger generations(B)they failed for lack of individual initiative(C)they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies(D)they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers10.The growth of limited liability companies resulted i n.(A)the separa
23、tion of capital from management(B)the ownership of capital by managers(C)the emergence of capital and labour as two classes(D)the participation of shareholders in municipal business11.According to the passage,all of the following are true except t h a t.(A)the shareholders were unaware of the needs
24、of the workers(B)the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers(C)the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly(D)the trade unions seemed to play a positive role12.The author is most critical o f.(A)family firm owners(B)landowners(C)managers(D)shareholdersUnit 4Pass
25、age 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken.After six months of arguing andfinal 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates,Australias Northern Territory became the first legalauthority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.The measu
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