八年级英语重点语法集锦.pdf

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1、八年级英语重点语法集锦 八年级英语重点语法八年级英语重点语法概括起来有：形容词和副词的比较级和最高级，句子成分，类型，简单句的五种基本句型，宾语从句，各种时态包括一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，一般将来时，情态动词和动词不定式等具体内容如下一、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级1）单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加-e r和-est构成。great（原级）greater（比较级）greatest（最高级）2）以-e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-r和-s t 构成。wide（原级）wider（比较级）widest（最高级）3）少数以-y,-er,-ow,-ble结尾的双音

2、节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-e r和-e st构成。clever（原级）cleverer（比较级）cleverest（最高级）4）以-y 结尾，但-y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是 把-y 去掉，加 上“e r 和-e st构成.happy（原形）happier（比较级）happiest（最高级）5）以个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加er和-est。big（原级）bigger（比较级）biggest（最高级）6）双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用m ore和 most加在形容词前面来构成。beautiful（原级）？

3、difficult（原级）more beautiful（比较级）more difficu止（比较级）most beautiful（最高级）most difficult（最高级）不规则变化原级比较级最高级good better bestmany more mostmuch more mostbad worse worstlittle less leastill worse worstfar farther（further）farthest（furthest）deep deeper deepesttall taller tallest形容词比较级的用法：形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，其结构

4、形式如下：主语+谓语（系动词）+形容词比较级+than+对比成分。也就是，含有形容词比较级的主句+than+从句。注意从句常常省去意义上和主句相同的部分，而只剩下对比的成分。形容词最高级的用法：形容词最高级用于两个以上的人和物进行比较，其结构形式为：主语+谓语（系动词）+the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。二、句子成分1、主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。2、谓语谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。一般可分为两类：1）,简单谓语由动词（或短语动词）构成。可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。2）,复合谓语：情态动词+不定式3、表语4、宾语宾语表示动作行

5、为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。5、定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。6、状语修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。状语一般放在

6、被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。三、句子类型:1、简 单 句 的 基 本 形 式 是 由 一 个 主 语 加 一 个 谓 语 构 成。2、复 合 句(Complex Sentence)由一*个 主 句(Principal Clause)和 一个 或 一个 以 上 的 从 句(Subordinate Clause)构 成。3、两个 或 两 个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句，其 基 本 结 构 是“简 单 句+并 列 连 词+简 单 句”。四、简单句的五种基本句型基 本 句 型 一：S V(主+谓)基 本 句 型.：S V P（主+谓+表）基本

7、句型三:S V 0（主+谓+宾）基本句型四:s V 0 0(主+谓+间 宾+直宾)基本句型五:S V 0 C(主+谓+宾+宾补)五、宾语从句在 句 子 中 起 宾 语 作 用 的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.1.由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。2.由连接代词 who,whom,whose,what,which 和连接副词 when,where,why,how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。if或 whether引导的宾语从句。If利whether

8、在句中的意思是“是否”。初二上册学的宾从就是这些。六、时态：一.一般现在时：(1)表示现在的状态，例如:Hes twelve.表示经常性的或习惯性的动作，例如:I go to school every day.表示主语具备的性格和能力，例如:She likes apple.常与often,usually,sometimes,always,every day 等表示经常性的或习惯性的时间状语连用.L 肯定句结构：(1)行为动词：a.第一、二人称，复数人称:They/We/Yu+动词原形 例如:Theygo to school every day.b.第三人称单数:He/She/It+动词-s/e

9、s 例如:Lily oftenlikes singing.(2)系动词(be):I am.They/We/You areHe/She/Itis2.否定句结构：(1)行为动词：a.第一、二人称，复数人称:They/We/You+don t+动词原形例如:They don t go to school every day.b第三人称单数旧6/511/止+(0$111+动词原形一 例如:Lilydoesn t like singing.(2)系动词(be):在 is/am/are 后加 not 例如:I am not aworker.3.一般疑问句结构：a.第一、二人称，复数人称:Do+they/w

10、e/you+动词原形例如:Do they go to school every day?(Yes,they do.No,they don t.)b.第三人称单数:Does+he/she/ilt+动词原形例如:Does Lily often like singing?(Yes,she does.No,she doesn,t.)(2)系动词(be):把is/am/are提在主语前.例如:Are you a worker?(Yes,I am.No,T m not.)二.现在进行时：表示现在正在进行的动作或发生的事情.常与now,look,listen等表示现在状态的时间状语连用.1.肯定句结构：主语

11、+is/am/are+动词-ing 例如：The boys are playing football now.2.否定句结构：在is/am/are后加not例如：The boys aren t playing football now.3.一般疑问句结构：把is/am/are提在主语前.例如:Are the boys playing football now?(Yes,theyare.No,they aren t.)三.一 般过去吐表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.常与yesterday,last-,-ago,inl990等表示过去状态的时间状语连用.1.肯定句结构：(1)行为动词：主语

12、+动词的过去式例如:The twins went to school two hours ago.(2)系动词(be):I/He/She/It+was TheyAVe/You+were,例如：I was at home last night.2.否定句结构：(1)行为动词：主语+didn t+动词原形例如:The twins didn t go to school two hours ago.(2)系动词(be):在 was/were 后加 not例如：I wasn,t at home last night.3.一般疑问句结构：(1)行为动词:Did+主语+动词原形？例如:Did the tw

13、ins go to school two hours ago?(Yes,they did.No,they didnt.)(2)系动词(be):把 was/were提在主语前.例如：Were you at home last night?(Yes,I was.No,I was t.)四.一般将来时：表示将来某时将要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作.常与tomorrow-,next等表示将来状态的时间状语连用.1.肯定句结构：用于书面语：主语+will+动词例如:We will come to see you tomorrow(2)用于口语：主语+am/is/are goin

14、g to+动词例如:Tom is going to see his uncle next Sunday.2.否定句结构：(1)用于书面语：在 w ill后加not例如:We won t come to see you tomorrow,(willnot=won t)(2)用于口语：在 is/am/are后加not.例如:Tom isn going to see his uncle next Sunday.3.一般疑问句结构：用于书面语：把 will提在主语前.例如:Will you come to see you tomorrow?(Yes,wewill.No,we won t.)(2)用于口

15、语：把 is/am/are提在主语前.例如：Is Tom going to see his uncle next Sunday?(Yes,he is.No,he isnt.)五.情态动词:can(能，会)，may(可以，可能，也许)，must(必须，一定，应该)have to（必须，不得不）1.肯定句结构：主语+can/may/must+动词例如:I must go now.2.否定句结构：在 can/may/must后 力 口 not.例如:I mustn tgo now.3.一般疑问句结构：把 can/may/must提在主语前.Must you go now?(Yes,I must.No

16、,I neednt.)May I open the window?(Yes,you may.No,youneednt.)六.had better+动词原形，表 示“最好干”，变否定句时在had better 后 力 口 not.例如:You had better catch a bus.You,d better not catch a bus.(You had=Youd)七.动词不定式：want/forget/remember/would like/go+to+动词原形例如：I want to get back my book.Lucy went to see his mother last

17、night.九.特殊疑问句的变换：对划线部分提问时，将划线部分去掉，剩下部分变一般疑问句语序。(对主语提问例外)例如:My name is Lily.What s your name?The river is 500 kilometres.Hong long isthe river?八年级下册英语语法重点，加强学习了情态动词及用法，加强学习了一般将来时，学习了直接引语变间接引语，过去进行时，现在完成时，反义疑问句，状语从句等。一、情态动词定义：情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动

18、词后面加动词原形。位置：情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前，谓语动词前若有助动词，则在助动词之前凝问句中，情态动词则在主语之前。用法初二重点掌握may和might,w ill和would.1、may和might的用法1.表示许可。表示请求、允许时，m ight比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时（口语中常用）no,you cant.or,yes,please用mustn上表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意（具有强烈禁止的意思）如:You may drive the car.一Might I use your pen?No,you mustnt.用May I.征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气

19、上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I.征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。2.用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如：May you succeed!3.表示推测、可能(疑问句不能用于此意)。He may be very busy now.4.may(might)+have+过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如：He may not have finished the work.2、will和would的用法1.表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。如：Would you pass me the book?2.表示意志、愿望和决心。如：I will never do that again.Th

20、ey asked if we would do that again.The door wont open3.用will be利will(would)+have+过去分词”的结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如：This will be the book you want.He will have arrived by now.The guests would have arrived by that time.I thought you would have finished this by now.4.Would可表示过去反

21、复发生的动作或某种倾向。WouId表过去习惯时比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如：The wound would not heal.During the vacation he would visit me every week.5.表料想或猜想。如：It would be about ten when he left home.What would she be doing there?I thought he would have told you all about it.二、一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作

22、。常常与表示将来的时间状语连用。Will和shall用法的区别说或写都尽量使用Til,You,ll,Hell,She,ll,Itll,We ll,Theyll.”的简缩形。要表达主语的“意志”，通常都用，Will”（文法上称为意志将来。）说话者要把自己的“意志”表达或行使出去，通常用“s h al l”。第一人称问句使用“s h al l”。问 句 是“Sh al l.?”,答句就用“s h al h”；问句用“W i l l.?”,答句就用“w i l l。三、直接引语变间接引语一、如何变人称；下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如 果

23、从 句 中 的 主 语 是 第 人 称 或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：S h e s ai d.M y br o t h e r w an t s t o g o w i t h m e.f S h e s ai d h e r br o t h e rw an t e d t o g o w i t h h e r.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第人称,如：H e s ai d t o Kat e.H o w i s y o u

24、r s i s t e r n o w?-He as k e d Kat e how h e rs i s t e r w a s t h e n。“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：Mr Smith saido Jack is a good worker o*Mr Smith said Jack wasa good worker o二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：l)She said.I have

25、lost a pen.-*She said she had lost a pen2)She said.We hope so.-She said they hoped so.3)She said.He will go to see his friend0 She said he would go tosee his friend 0但要注意在以下儿种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。直接引语是客观真理。The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around theearth,the teacher told me.-*Th

26、e teacher told me the earth movesaround the sun and the moon moves around the earth o直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack said.John,where were you going when I met you in thestreet?-*ack asked John where he was going when he met him inthe street o直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：Xiao Wang said.I was born on

27、April 21,1980。f Xiao Wang saidhe was born on April 20,1980。直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：He said,I get up at six every morning0 He said he gets up at sixevery morning 0如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式(例：ought to,had better,used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，(例：could,should,would,m ight)不再变。如:Peter said.You had bet

28、ter come have todayo Peter said I hadbetter go there that day。三、如何变状语：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在 改为 原来(例：now 变为 then,yesterday。变为 the day before)地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”(例：th is改 为that),如:He said,These books are mine.-*He said those books were his.四、如何变句型：直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句

29、。如：She said,Our bus will arrive in five minutes.-*She said thattheir bus would arrive in five minutes.直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said,Can youswim,John?He asked John if he could swim.You have finished the homework,havent you?my mother asked.-*My mother asked me whether I

30、had finished the homework.Do you go to school by bus or by bike?He asked me if I went toschool by bus or by bike.直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句(宾语从句必须用陈述句语序)。She asked me,When do they have their dinner?-*She asked mewhen they had their dinner.直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为tell(ask,order,beg等)sb(not)to do

31、 sth.句型。如:Dont make any noise,she said to the children.She told(ordered)the children not to make any noise.Bring me a cup of tea,please,said she.-*She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.直接引语如果是以“Lets开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动句词(或从句)。”如:He said,Lets go to the film.f He suggested going to the film.

32、或He suggested that they should go to see the film.引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如：John said,Fm going to London with my father.约翰说：“我要和父亲到伦敦去。“(引号内是直接引语)John said that he was going to London with his father.约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。(宾语从句是间接引语)由直接引语变为间接引语，分以下情况：1.直接引语是陈述句时间接引语为th at

33、引导的宾语从句(口语中that可 以 省 略)，主句的引述动词主要有say repeat,explain,think等。He said,You are younger than I.-He said(that)I was youngerthan him.2.直接引语是疑问句时间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词sa y 改为ask,或改为wonder,do not know,want to know,be not sure,be puzzled 等。(1)一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if(whether)引导的宾语从句。She said,Do you often come here to read

34、 newspapers?f S h e as k e d m e i f (或 w h e t h e r)!o f t e n w e n t t h e r e t o r e adn e w s p ap e r s.S h e as k e d me,Y o u h av e s e e n t h e f i l m,h av e n t y o u?S h e as k e d m e w h e t h e r(或 i f )1 h ad s e e n t h e f i l m.(2)选择疑问句变为w h e t h e r.o r宾语从句。I as k e d h i m,

35、W i l l y o u s t ay at h o m e o r g o t o a f i l m t o n i g h t?-*I as k e d h i m w h e t h e r h e w o u l d s t ay at h o m e o r g o t o a f i l m t h atn i g h t.(3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。H e as k e d,W h e r e d o y o u l i v e?-*H e as k e d m e w h e r e I l i v e d.3.直接引语是祈使句时间接引语为不定式，作a

36、s k ,t e l l,be g,o r d e r,w ar n,ad v i s e等动词的宾语补足语(d o n t变为n o t ).T h e t e ac h e r s ai d t o t h e bo y,Op e n t h e w i n d o w.-*T h e t e ac h e r t o l dt h e bo y t o o p e n t h e w i n d o w.Hi s f at h e r s ai d t o h i m ,Do n,t l e av e t h e d o o r o p e n.-Hi s f at h e r t o

37、l dh i m n o t t o l e av e t h e d o o r o p e n.注意(1)有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用s u g g e s t,i n s i s t等动词 加以转述。例如：H e s ai d,Le t s g o t o t h e t h e at r e.f He suggested(our)going to the theatre.或 He suggested thatwe(should)go to the theatre.(2)Would you mind opening the window?he asked.f He as

38、ked me to open the window.Why dont you take a walk after supper?he asked.-*he advised me to take a walk after supper.Shall we listen to the music?he asked.-*He suggested listening to the music.4.直接引语是感叹句时间接引语为w hat或 how 引导，也可以用th a t引导。She said,What a lovely day it is!She said what a lovely day it w

39、as.或 She said that it was a lovelyday.5.如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：(1)一般现在时变为一般过去时(2)现在进行时变为过去进行时(3)一般将来时变为过去将来时(4)现在完成时变为过去完成时(5)一般过去时变为过去完成时(6)过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时 注意(1)如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：The teacher said The earth goes round the sun.-*The

40、teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.(2)如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：He said to me,I was born in 1973.He told me that he was born in 1973.(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：He said,Pm a boy,not a girl.-*He said that he is a boy,not a girl.(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或

41、习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：The girl said,I get up at six every morning.The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.(5)如果直接引语中含有since,when,w hile引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：He said to me,I have taught English since he came here-*He told me that he had taught English si

42、nce he came here.(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词must,need,had better以及情态动词的过去式could,might,should,would,在变为间接引语时,这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：The teacher said to me.You must pay more attention to yourpronunciation.-*The teacher told me that I must(have to)pay more attention tomy pronunciation.He said,I could swim when I was on

43、ly six He said that he could swim when he was only six.6.代词等一般地应作用相应的变化。指示代词this-th atthese-those表示时间的词now-thentodayf that daythis week(month,etc)-th a t week(month,etc)yesterday the day beforelast week(month)-the week(month)beforethree days(a year)ago-three days(a year)beforetomorrow-th e next(foll

44、owing)daynext week(month)-the next(following)week(month)表地点的词here-there动词 bring-takecome-go四、过去进行时一、概念和用法：过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为was/were+V-ing。常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：last night,last Saturday等；或者与when,while,as引导的过去时间状语连用。例如：We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。Wha

45、t was heresearching all day last Sunday?上周日他一整天都在研究什么？二、过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。如：What was she doing at nine oclock yesterday?昨天晚上九点她在做什么？（介词短语表示时间点）When I saw him hewas decorating his room.当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。（when从句表示时间点）三、在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。例如：While he wa

46、s waiting for the bus,he was reading a newspaper.他边等车边看报。（两个动作都是延续的）He wascleaning his car while I was cooking,他擦车时我在做饭。（两个动作同时进行）四、通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：agree,is,am,are,believe,belong,care,forget,hate,have（拥有），hear,know,like,love,mean,mind,notice,own,remember,seem,suppose,understand,want,wish 等。五、现在完成时

47、用法（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系，也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.I have spent all of my money.（含义是:现在我没有钱花了 .）Jane has laid the table.（含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.）Michael has been ill.（含义是:现在仍然很虚弱）He has returned from abroad.（含义是:现在已在此地）（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的，持续到现在的情况，常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点）连用.Mary has be

48、en ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.注（超重要）：瞬间动词（b u y,d i e,j o i n,l o s e ）不能直接与f o r s i n c e连用。要改变动词c o m e-b eg o o u t-b e o u tf i n i s h-b e o v e ro p e n-b e o p e nd i e-b e d e a dl.h a v e 代替 b u yM y b r o t h e r h a s h a d（不能用 h a s b o u g h t）t h i s b i k e f o r

49、a l m o s t f o u r y e a r s.2、用 k e e p 或 h a v e 代替 b o r r o wI h a v e k e p t（不能用 h a v e b o r r o w e d）t h e b o o k f o r q u i t ea f e w d a y s.3、用 b e 替代 b e c o m eH o w l o n g h a s y o u r s i s t e r b e e n a t e a c h e r?4、用 h a v e a c o l d 代替 c a t c h a c o l dT o m h a s h

50、 a d a c o l d s i n c e t h e d a y b e f o r e y e s t e r d a y.5、用 w e a r 代替 p u t o nb）用“b e +形容词”代终止性动词1、b e+m a r r i e d 代 m a r r y 2、b e+i ll 代 f a ll（g e t）i ll3、b e +d e a d 代 d i e 4、b e+a s le e p 代 f a ll（g e t）a s le e p5、be+awake 代 wake/wake up 6、be+gone 代 lose,die,sell,leave7、be+o