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1、句子成分句子成分和和基本句型基本句型2023/6/212023/6/22什么是句子?什么是句子?句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的,是句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的,是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须一个字母必须大写大写,结尾要有,结尾要有?!I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is!2023/6/23英语的基本成分有八种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、宾补(com
2、plement)、表语(predicative)、同位语。句子包括哪些成分?句子包括哪些成分?2023/6/24v主语:主语:主语是在句子中说明全句主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词,代词,中心主题的部分一般由名词,代词,不定式,动名词或从句充当它的位置不定式,动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首一般在句首The girl is pretty.Reading is useful.To see is to believe.They are good friends.His words is right.What he says is right.2023/6/25谓语:谓语:v谓语说明
3、主语做什么,以什么状态或特谓语说明主语做什么,以什么状态或特征存在,由动词或者动词短语构成征存在,由动词或者动词短语构成She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.V.Vt.Vi 2023/6/26表语:表语:v表语说明主语是什么,或者怎么样,由名词,表语说明主语是什么,或者怎么样,由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,短语,或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面短语,或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面I am a teacher.She
4、feels happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.He went mad.Seeing is believing.2023/6/27宾语宾语v宾语是动作宾语是动作/行为的对象,由名词,代词,短语,行为的对象,由名词,代词,短语,不定式,动名词,从句充当它和及物动词一不定式,动名词,从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么起说明主语做了什么She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think
5、that he is a good boy.2023/6/28宾语补足语宾语补足语v在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样的作用它起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样的作用v它可以由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现它可以由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词和过去分词充当在分词和过去分词充当 If you let me go,Ill make you king.Leave the door open.W
6、e found John out when we arrived.Make yourself at home.I heard my name called.2023/6/29状语状语v状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词它表示行为发状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度。一般由副词、生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度。一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当,介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当,也可由从句来充当也可由从句来充当He did it carefully.He studied very hard.I was born on June
7、9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow.2023/6/210定语定语v定语用来修饰名词或代词定语用来修饰名词或代词v定语由定语由形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词、从句充当不定式、动名词、分词、从句充当 The black bike is mine.Whats your name?I have 5 books.A sleeping boy is sleeping.They made paper flower
8、s.The boy in the room is Jack.2023/6/211同位语:同位语:同同同同位位位位语语语语 当当当当两两两两个个个个指指指指同同同同一一一一事事事事物物物物的的的的句句句句子子子子成成成成分分分分放放放放在在在在同同同同等等等等位位位位置置置置时时时时,一一一一个个个个句句句句子子子子成成成成分分分分用用用用来来来来说说说说明明明明和和和和解解解解释释释释另另另另一一一一个个个个句句句句子子子子成分,这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。成分,这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。成分,这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。成分,这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。We students sh
9、ould study hard.(students是是we的的同同位位语语,都都是是指指同同一一批批学学生生)Li Lei,my brother,came to see me today.(my brother是是Li Lei的同位语)的同位语)2023/6/212一一)挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in th
10、e school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.2023/6/213(二二)挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语-The old man was feeling very tired.-The leaves have turned yellow.-He is a teacher while his little brother is still a junior middle school student.2023/6/214(三三)挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句
11、中的定语1.What is your given name?2.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4.A beautiful girl is running to us.5.The boy in the clssroom is crying.2023/6/215(四四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语He asked her to study hard.She found it difficult to do the work.Th
12、ey call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.2023/6/216(五五)挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.2023/6/217 With the medicine box under her ar
13、m,Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.2023/6/218句子成份练习句子成份练习指出划线部分的句子成分指出划线部分的句子成分1、You should study hard.2、The teacher got very angry.3、The boy told me his story.4、We elected him our monitor.5、The sun keeps us warm.6、I told him to open the window.7、We watched the train
14、 leaving the station.状语状语表语表语间语间语+直宾直宾宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补2023/6/2198.I think it difficult to finish the work this morning.9.There seems little hopes of success.10、To our joy,they arrived safely.11、The fact is very clear that our team will win the game.12.After graduation he will wor
15、k where he came from.宾语宾语+宾补宾补主语主语状语状语同位语(从句)同位语(从句)状语状语2023/6/2202023/6/221按句子的结构可分三种:按句子的结构可分三种:简单句、并列句简单句、并列句 和复合句。和复合句。简单句简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语):只有一个主语(或并列主语)一个谓语(或并列谓语)。一个谓语(或并列谓语)。e.g.He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.They walked,talked and laughed.2023/6/222简单句的基
16、本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型简单句的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一:一:(主谓)(主谓)二:二:(主系表)(主系表)三:三:(主谓宾)(主谓宾)四:四:(主谓间宾直宾)(主谓间宾直宾)五:五:(主谓宾宾补)(主谓宾宾补)2023/6/223种类种类类型类型主语主语S谓语谓语动词动词v表语表语/宾语宾语p宾语宾语0宾补宾补oc第第1种种S+VWework第第种种He playstheviolin.第第种种We arestudents第第种种S+v+IO+DO shegaveme a pen.第第
17、种种S+V+O+OC He mademelaugh2023/6/224基本句型一基本句型一+i(主谓)(主谓)此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,其后不能这类动词叫做不及物动词,其后不能直接跟宾语,但后面可以跟副词、介直接跟宾语,但后面可以跟副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等。词短语、不定式、状语从句等。2023/6/225i(不及物动词)(不及物动词)1.Time2.Themoon3.Theman4.Weall5.Everybody6.I7.They8.He9.He10.The
18、yflies.rose.cooked.eat,anddrink.laughed?wokeup.talkedforhalfanhour.walkedyesterday.isplaying.havegone.2023/6/226基本句型 二 +(主系表)(主系表)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语才能表达完整的意思。表明主语身份或状态的表语才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。这类动词叫做连系动词。2023/6/2272.感官系动词:感官系动词:
19、look,smell,taste,sound,feel等等系动词分类系动词分类1.状态类系动词:状态类系动词:be,keepkeep,remainremain,continuecontinue,staystay等等ThisisanEnglishdictionary.KeepKeep quiet,children!quiet,children!It It remainsremains to be proved to be proved.The dinner smells good.Everything looks diferent.2023/6/2283.变变化化类类系系动动词词:become,
20、get,grow,turn,go等。等。Hebecameaworld-famousscientist.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.Itgrewdark.Thefoodhasturnedbad.2023/6/2294.4.似乎似乎 类系动词:类系动词:seemseem,appearappearHe He seemsseems to be ill.to be ill.she she appearsappears a nurse.a nurse.5.5.表表“结果结果”的系动词:的系动词:prove,prove,turn outturn out(结果是、证明是)。(结果是、
21、证明是)。Theweatherturnedouttobefine.Thepromotionprovedtobeaturningpointinhiscareer.2023/6/230 基本句型基本句型 三三+t+(主谓宾)(主谓宾)此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语发出的动词都具有实义,都是主语发出的动作,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作动作,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。动词叫做及物动词。2023/6/231(实义动词)(实义动词)(宾语宾语)1.Who2.She3.He4.He5.T
22、hey6.Danny7.I8.Heknowslaughedatunderstandsmadeatelikeswantsaidtheanswer?her.English.somecakes.someapples.nuts.tohaveacupoftea.Goodmorning.2023/6/232 基本句型基本句型四四+t+IO+(主谓间宾直宾)(主谓间宾直宾)此句型的句子有一个共同特点:部分此句型的句子有一个共同特点:部分谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,叫直接宾语;另一个是动作
23、的间接受者,叫直接宾语;另一个是动作的间接承受者,叫间接宾语。承受者,叫间接宾语。通常间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后。通常间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后。当直接宾语在前,间接宾语在后时,间接当直接宾语在前,间接宾语在后时,间接宾语前要加介词宾语前要加介词to或或for。2023/6/233(及(及物)物)(多(多指人)指人)(多指物)(多指物)1.She2.She3.He4.I5.Lily6.We7.Hepassedcookedboughtshowedgavetoldshowedhimusyouherhimhimmeadictionary.adeliciousmeal.nothing.mypictur
24、es.ahand.thatthebuswaslate.howtorunthemachine.2023/6/234 基本句型基本句型 五五+t+(主谓宾宾补)(主谓宾宾补)此句型的句子的共同特点是:动此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补充说明宾语怎么样,一个补充成分来补充说明宾语怎么样,才能使意思完整。这个补充成分叫宾才能使意思完整。这个补充成分叫宾语补足语。语补足语。2023/6/235(及物)(及物)(宾语)(宾语)(宾补)(宾补)1.We2.They3.T
25、hey4.They5.What6.We7.He8.Ikeeppaintedcallfoundmakessawaskedsawthetablethedoorsupperthehousehimhimmethemclean.green.dinner.dirty.sad?out.tocomebacksoon.gettingonthebus.2023/6/236 用用 it 做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英语语补足语的后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英语常用的句型结构方式。即:常用的句型结构方式。即:主语主语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正
26、宾语真正宾语。如:。如:I found it very pleasant to be with your family.2023/6/237(二)(二)2023/6/238v1.They work hard.主主 +谓谓v2.The flower is dead.主主+系系+表表v3.Plants need water.主主+谓谓+宾宾v4.He gives me some seeds.主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾直宾v5.We should keep the plants in the shade.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补v6.Many animals live in trees.主主 +谓
27、谓2023/6/239a,(主(主+谓)谓)b,(主(主+系系+表)表)c,(主(主+谓谓+宾)宾)d,(主(主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾)直宾)e,(主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补)1,Please tell us a story._2,She smiled._3.I have a lot work to do._4.His job is to train swimmers._5.He noticed a man enter the room._6.Please look at the picture._daebec2023/6/240并列句并列句 定定 义义 用用 法法 2023/6/241并列句
28、是由并列句是由and,but,or,forand,but,or,for等并等并列连词把两个或两个以上意义有关的列连词把两个或两个以上意义有关的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构为构为:简单句简单句+并列连词并列连词+简单句。简单句。定义定义定义定义2023/6/242联合并列句联合并列句 并列连词并列连词:and(和、并且和、并且),notonly.butalso.(不但不但而且而且)等。等。Jimfinishedhishomeworkandhewenttobed.吉姆写完作业吉姆写完作业,就上床睡觉了。就上床睡觉了。NotonlyIcometoschoolea
29、rly,butalsomyteacherdoes.不但我到校早不但我到校早,而且我的老师也是如此。而且我的老师也是如此。祈使句祈使句+and+简单句时,祈使句可与简单句时,祈使句可与if引导的肯定条引导的肯定条件句转换件句转换Keeppassingtheballtoeachother,andyou”llbeOk!Ifyoukeeppassingtheballeachother,you”llbeOk!2023/6/243转折并列句转折并列句转折连词转折连词:but(但是但是),however(然而,然而,但是但是),yet(但是但是),while(然而然而)等。等。ShesgoodatEngli
30、sh,butherChineseisntgood.她擅长英语她擅长英语,但语文不好。但语文不好。Heworkedhard,yethefailed.他努力地干他努力地干,然而失败了。然而失败了。Tomistallwhilehisbrotherisshort.汤姆个儿很高汤姆个儿很高,而他的兄弟却很矮。而他的兄弟却很矮。Idliketogowithyou,howevermyhandsarefull.我想和你一块儿去我想和你一块儿去,可是我忙不过来。可是我忙不过来。2023/6/244 特别提醒特别提醒:though,although(虽然,尽管虽然,尽管)不能不能 与与 but(但是但是)连用。连
31、用。虽然他很累虽然他很累,但是他没有停止工作。但是他没有停止工作。误误:Althoughheisverytired,buthedoesntstopworking.正正:Although he is very tired,he doesnt stop working.正正:Heisverytired,buthedoesntstopworking.2023/6/245选择并列句选择并列句选择连词选择连词:or(或者或者;否则否则),either.or.(或者或者或者或者),neither.nor.(既不既不又不又不)等。等。Youmusttellthetruth,oryouwillbepunish
32、ed.你必须说真话你必须说真话,否则你将会受到惩罚。否则你将会受到惩罚。Eitheryoucandoitbyyourself,oryoucanasksomeoneelsetodoit.你或者自己做你或者自己做,或者让别人去做。或者让别人去做。提醒提醒:“祈使句祈使句+or/and+简单句简单句”是一个固定句型是一个固定句型,此句型此句型中的祈使句在意义上相当于一个中的祈使句在意义上相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句引导的条件状语从句。Workhard,andyoullpasstheexam.(=Ifyouworkhard,youllpasstheexam.)努力学习努力学习,你就会通过考试。你就
33、会通过考试。2023/6/246因果并列句因果并列句因果连词因果连词:for(:for(因为因为),),起解释说明的作用。起解释说明的作用。so(所以所以),表因,表因果关系。果关系。Thatwasourfirstlesson,soshedidntknowallournames.那是我们第一堂课那是我们第一堂课,因此她并不知道我们所有人的名字。因此她并不知道我们所有人的名字。Shedidntcometoschooltoday,forshewasill.今天她没来上学今天她没来上学,因为她生病了。因为她生病了。提醒提醒:so不与不与because连用。连用。因为他有钱因为他有钱,所以他能给自己买
34、很多东西。所以他能给自己买很多东西。误误:Because hes rich,so he can buy himself lots ofthings.正正:Because hes rich,he can buy himself lots ofthings.正正:Hesrich,sohecanbuyhimselflotsofthings.2023/6/2471.Excuseme.Doyouhaveatablefortwo?Imsorry,_therearentanyseatsnow.Wouldyoumindwaitingforawhile?A.butB.andC.orD.so2.Workhard,
35、_youwillpassthedrivingtest.A.orB.butC.becauseD.and3.Mikelearnsalotaboutinternet.And_.A.IdonteitherB.sodoIC.soamID.Iamtoo4.Callataxi,_youwillmissthetrain.A.andB.thoughC.becauseD.or5.Icametoseeher,_shewasntathome.A.butB.forC.orD.andADBDA2023/6/2483)复合句复合句:含有:含有一个或一个以上从句一个或一个以上从句的的句子。复合句包含:句子。复合句包含:名词性从句名词性从句(主语(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、句)、定语从句定语从句和和状语从句状语从句等。等。e.g.The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.2023/6/2492023/6/250
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