新视野大学英语第四册unit7.pdf

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1、Unit SevenI.Objectives:To memorize new words and phrases in this unitTo master the grammatical structureTo review students9 reading skill of scanning.To learn to write topic sentences for a paragraphIL Sentences patterns(lOmin.)1.The prime mover behind the project,Luca Cavalli-Sforza,a Stanford prof

2、essor,labored with his colleagues for 16 years to create nothing less than the firstgenetic map of the world.2.The unique character of the clicking sounds in their language has persuadedsome researchers that the Khoisan people are directly descended form themost primitive human ancestors.3.The same

3、map,in combination with ancient human bones,confirms that Africawas the birthplace of humanity and thus the starting point of the originalhuman movements.4.The genetic maps also shed new light on the origins of populations that havelong puzzled scientists.IIL Key words and useful expressions:Section

4、 A:superiority,bias,remarkable,variation,emigrate,assemble,remote,primitive,nothing less than,to date,be confined to,as from/of,in effect.Adapt to,incombination with,shed/throw light on,be descended from,serve as.IV.Time ArrangementperiodactivityTime limitTeaching Method1Pre-reading Tasks45 min.pres

5、entation,discussion,Audio-visual2&3While-reading Tasks90 min.Qs-and-As,explanation,exemplification,analysis,paraphrase,translation4Post-reading Tasks45 min.explanation,5Writing Practice45 min.exemplification,groupdiscussion6Reading skills45 min.exemplification,analysis7&8Listening&Speaking90 min.Aud

6、io-visual,group discussion,communicationSection A Research into Population Genetics1.Pre-reading(1st period-45 min.)1.1 :preview(20 min.):Background InformationLuca Cavalli-Sforza,bom in Genoa,Italy,was educated at the University ofPavia where he gained his MD in 1944.He has specialized mainly in th

7、e genetics ofhuman populations,producing with Walter Bodmer a comprehensive survey of thesubject in their Genetics,Evolution and Man(1976).He has also done much to showhow genetic data from present human racial groups could be used to reconstruct theirpast separations.This reconstruction,based on th

8、e analysis of 58 genes,yields abifurcated(分为两部分的)evolutionary tree with Caucasian(高加索人)and Africanraces in one branch and Orientals(东方人)，Oceanians(大洋洲人)，and Amerinds(美洲印第安人)in the other.Khoisan is the name by which the lighter skinnedindigenous(本土的)peoples of southern Africa,the Khoi(Hottentots)and

9、the San(Bushmen)are known.These people were the earliest inhabitants of Africa.Therewere probably about 120,000 living in South Africa around 1500.The Basques are a people who live in a small region(about the size of RhodeIsland in the United States)that straddles the border of Spain and France from

10、 the seain the west into the Pyrenees(比利牛斯山脉)in the east.This area is called EuskalHerria.There are about 660,000,according to the 1991 census(人口普查).1.2 Topic-related video(15min.)1.3 Topic-related discussion(lOmin.)1).If you were to be deprived of one of your five senses(sight,touch,smell,taste,and

11、 hearing)which one would you most hate to give up?2).Does our society allow women to assume masculine roles more readily than itallows males to assume roles traditionally called feminine?Discuss.3).Which is more important for success:the natural ability you are born with or hardwork?2.While-reading(

12、2nd and 3rd periods 90 min.)2.1 Global reading(30min.)2.1.1 Understand the major details of the text1)What does The History and Geography of Human Genes conclude?(The book concludes that despite surface features,the“races”are remarkably alikeunder the skin.)2.)Where did the scientists find the infor

13、mation to draw a global family tree?(In human blood:various proteins that serve as markers to reveal a persons geneticmakeup.)3)Why did people assume that Australias native people were closely related to blackAfricans?What do the discoveries made by the scientists show?(Because they share such super

14、ficial characteristics as skin color and body shape.Butthe discoveries indicate that Australians are most distant from the Africans and mostclosely resemble the Southeast Asians.)4)What else does the genetic map of the world show us about Africa?(It confirms that Africa was the birthplace of humanit

15、y and thus the starting point ofthe original human movements.)5)Apart from the human origins,what else does genetic information contribute tohuman beings?(It is the latest raw material of the medical industry.And in addition,it can be used toweaken conventional notions of race that cause racial prej

16、udice.)2.1.2 Organization of the text(20min.)1)Main idea of the text(lOmin.)The passage is concentrated on the latest research development in populationgenetics.2)Text structure analysis(lOmin.)Part One(Para.1)The author makes it clear that there is no scientific basis fortheories pushing the geneti

17、c superiority of any one population overanother according to the book,The History and Geography of HumanGenes.It is a book containing a remarkable collection of more than 50years of research.(in population genetics)Part Two(Para.2)deals with the exceptional work in the book:the creation ofof the wor

18、ld that the routes of early humans migration to findthe closest thing we have to a global family tree,(the first genetic map)Part Three(Para.3-4)tells us that to draw a global family tree,information should becollected from.It is difficult to collect blood samples fromancient p o p u l a t i o n.(hu

19、man blood,in remote areas)Part Four(Para.5-9)lists four major contributions of the first genetic map of theworld.(1)A color map of the worlds genetic variation has at one end of therange and at the other.(Africa,Australia)(2)Australias native people and black Africans share but theirgenes tell a dif

20、ferent story.(superficial characteristics)(3)The racial differences 一 between Europeans and Africans,for example 一are mainly a way to adapt to as humans move from onecontinent to another,(climate)(4)The genetic maps also shed new light on the of populations thathave long puzzled scientists,(origin)P

21、art Five(Para.10)Conclusion 一 Apart from scientific value of the research,thesocial significance is to weaken conventional notion of race that cause.(racial prejudice)2.2 Detailed reading(60min.)2.2.1 Words and phrases(40min.)1.discount(L.5)他说的许多话都是要打折扣的，他喜欢想象。Much of what he says must be discounted

22、;he imagines things.(v.think that sth.is not important or true)我们可以不理会利物浦队一他们有三名伤员。We can discount Liverpool-they have three injured players.He does not(忽视这种可能性)that the stress he was under affected hisdecision,(discount the possibility)Recently there have appeared some in Shanghai,but it seems that

23、 thepeople dont think the commodities there are really cheap,(discount stores)(n.折扣)温故知新：While discount rose retailers watch their business bloom,U.S.rose growers are going bankiuptamid severe foreign competition.(Unit 7-A,Book 3)2.migrate(L.14)Mexican farm workers(夕卜出去美国)each year to find work at h

24、arvest time.(migrate into the U.S.)(v.move from one place to live and work in another)这些动物为了寻找食物每年迁移。These animals migrate annually in search of food.,(v.鸟、鱼等迁移，迁徙)In September these birds(向南迁徙 2000 英 里)to a warmerclimate,(migrate 2,000 miles south)词语辨析：migrate v i.某人出外工作等而暂时性地移居；鸟、鱼等顺应季节定期性地迁移immig

25、rate v i.移居入境As a mere child,he immigrated to/into this country from Ireland.emigrate v i.从本国往他国移居He emigrated from China to Brazil in 1996.温故知新：In Asia,1 2 3 she added,the husband may have migrated for better economic opportunities andstopped sending money after a year or two.And everywhere,parents

26、 are finding that there arefewer jobs that pay enough to allow a family to scrape by financially.(Unit 9-B,book 3)3.be confined to(L.22)这种灾难不只发生在洪水泛滥地区，也不只发生在冬季。Disasters of this sort were confined to neither traditionally flooded land nor the winter months.(be restricted or kept within certain limi

27、ts or time)So far,fighting.(战斗没有超出首都的范围)(has been confined to the capital city)温故知新：Sure,everyone wants to be financially comfortable,but we also want to feel we have a perspectiveon the world beyond the confines of our occupation,(n.limits)(Unit 8-A,Book 2)4.in effect(L.24)事实上，一些主要职业的安全性被永远破坏了。In e

28、ffect,the security of major professions was undermined for ever,(in fact)What the management is saying,(实际上),is that they are going to stoprecruiting new staff,(in effect)5.superficial(L.36)乍一看两辆车差不多，但实际上区别很大。There are superficial similarities between the two cars,but actually they re quite differen

29、t(a.appearing to be true or real until looked at more carefully)The car was completely wrecked in the accident,but the driver only recei ved.(轻微外伤)(superficial injuries)(a.only on the surface,not deep)我对那个主题只知道一些皮毛。1 only have a superficial knowledge of the subject.(a.having no depth of understandin

30、g or feeling)温故知新：In a very few hours,we found ourselves accepting and internalizing the superficial and prejudicedjudgments of ourselves that prevailed among the people we met.(Unit 6-B,Book 2)6.shed/throw/cast light on(L.46)另外，这一研究也希望弄清城市不断变化的经济角色所带来的社会影响。In addition,the research is expected to sh

31、ed light on the social consequences of cities changingeconomic roles.(make a problem etc.easier to understand)Scientists working in the Gobi desert(有了新的认识)thelife of dinosaurs,(have shed new light on)温故知新：“It sheds light on issues which could later widen and result in divorce,said a lawyer.(Unit 9-a

32、,Book 3)7.be descended from(L.50)她总是声称她的家族是古埃及国王的后裔。She always claimed her family was descended from the ancient Kings of Egypt.(have sb.as an ancestor)Charles Darwin pointed out that.(人类是动物的后裔)(human beings are descended from animals)8.distinctive(L.54)(a.clearly noticeable)你们要尽职去帮助保持一种风格独特的啤酒，以便后人

33、更好地享用。You will play your part in helping to preserve a distinctive type of beer for future generations toenjoy.(a.having characteristics that makes sth.different)The building s(最大特色)is its enormous dome-shaped roof,(most distinctive feature)词语辨析：distinctive a.和其他东西有区别的，独特的distinct a.很明确的，清楚的；不同的His

34、hobbies are quite from his work,(distinct)There is a smell of cigarettes every time he comes into the room,(distinct)There is a smell in the room,(distinctive)温故知新：Once you know Engelbreifs distinctive style,you can recognize her cards from 20 paces away-bright,funny,and with an eye to the past.(Uni

35、t 4-B,Book 3)9.exploit(L.65)我们必须确保充分开发我们的资源。We need to make sure that we exploit our resources as fully as possible.(v.develop)Although nobody wishes to(被剥肖U)with low wages and very difficult conditions,it is frankly better to find the ways and means of presenting yourself somehow,than not perform a

36、tall.(be exploited)(v.剥 削)Russia could(利用自己的地位)as a major oil producer to push upworld oil prices,(exploit its position)(v.make use of)温故知新：You imagined mysterious figures in the night,the crack of guns,clever disguises,secret exploits,(n.brave or adventurous actions)(Unit 1-B,Book.3)2.2.2 Sentence

37、patterns(lOmin.)1 )原句：Because Australia s native people and black Africans share such superficialcharacteristics as skin color and body shape,they were widely assumed to be closely related.Buttheir genes tell a different story.(L.3 6)因为澳洲土著和非洲黑人之间有一些共同的外表特征，如肤色、体型等，所以普遍认为他们有较近的亲缘关系。但是他们的基因却表明并非如此。句型

38、：Sth./Sb.is widely assumed/believed to But sth./sb.else tells a different story.人们普遍认为然而并非如此。应用：人们普遍认为诚信已从我们的社会生活中消失。然而汤姆的经历表明并非如此。Honesty is widely assumed to have gone out of our social life.But Toms experiences told adifferent story.2)原句：The same map,in combination with ancient human bones,confir

39、ms that Africa was thebirthplace of humanity and thus the starting point of the original human movements.(L.42)结合对远古人骨的研究，这一图谱证实了非洲是人类的诞生地，因而也是人类迁移的始发地。句型：Sth.,in combination w汕 sth.else,confirms that 结合.某事证实了.应用：结合他们的研究，这一理论证实了海洋生物是最原始的生物。This theory,in combination with their research,confirms that

40、 marine animals are the mostprimitive living things.3)原句：The study s ultimate aim,he says,is to uweaken conventional notions of raceJ,thatcause racial prejudice.(L.6 8)他说研究的最终目的是“削弱”造成种族偏见的“传统的种族观念”。句型：The ultimate aim/target/objective/goal of doing sth.is to 做某事的最终目的是.应用：他这本书的最终目的是要说明，尽管人们的肤色不同，其他方

41、面都非常相似。The ultimate aim of his book is to show that although people have different skin color,they areremarkably alike.3.Post-reading（4th period 45min.）3.1 Useful expressions（25min.）1）至今，直到现在2）简直是，同.一点也不差3）起作用4）限定于5）1492年以来6）事实上，实际上7）曾经；有一次；有一回8）.并非如此9）使适应10）与.一起；共同11）阐 明（某事）；使更为清楚12）为.的后裔；是.的后人to d

42、ate(L.3)nothing less than(10)serve as(17)be confined to(L.22)as of 1492(L.23)in effect(L.24)on one occasion(L.29)to tell a different story(L.37)adapt to(L.40)in combination with(L.42)to shed/throw/cast light on(L.46)be descended from(L.50)3.2 Summary of the text(15min.)The book The History and Geogr

43、aphy of Human Genes was written after the researchers hadspent 16 years(1)the genetic similarities between the populations of the world.This wasachieved largely by taking the(2)of hundreds of thousands of individuals,from allaround the world,and then(3)their blood proteins.Scientifically this has al

44、lowed thewriters to discover the(4)taken by early people(5)around the world and alsoto show that(6)the skin we are all very similar on a(7)level.The ultimate goalof the study,however,is not just(8):it hopes to have a social(9)by provingthat there is no biological basis for(10)prejudice.(1 examining,

45、2 blood,3 analyzing,4routes,5 migrating,6 under,7 genetic,8 scientific,9 effect,10 racial)3.3 Assignments(5min.)3.4 Assignments1)Paragraph recitation:Reading aloud2)Exercises of Section A3)Topic for discussion:There are reasons to believe better parenting plays an important role inpersonal success.4

46、)Preview Section B4.Writing(5th period-45min.):作文模版 选择类 模 版(对立观点)Every student will be faced with the same question when he?Differentpeople will offer different answers.Some students give priority to.What they cherish is.In their mind,is not very important so long as he works hard,a bright future is

47、 awaiting him.Other students pay more attention to.They attach great importance tothe university be c a us e.How can you if?In a word,the best choice is.We can only get such a chanceafter making great efforts.If we cannot obtain both,the first thing to consider isChoose a Good Major or a Good Univer

48、sity1.考大学时有人看重好的专业2.有人则注重好的大学3.我的看法Every student will be faced with the same question when he passes the CollegeEnglish Examination:should he choose a good major or a good university?Differentpeople will offer different answers.Some students give priority to a good major.What they cherish is a speci

49、altythey like most.In their mind,whether thn university is famous is not veryimportant so long as he works hard,he can learn it well in any university,and abright future is awaiting him.Other students pay more attention to the university.They attach greatimportance to the university because the envi

50、ronment is vital to/he making of anexcellent person and is the symbol of a good future job itself.How can you have awide vision and a broad horizon if you receive education in a small college?In a word,the best choice is a good major at a good university.We can only getsuch a chance after making gre