TheElectoralSystem英国与美国选举制度.ppt

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1、PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTTheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度2023/6/11TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTBuckingham PalaceTheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTElectoral system:UK In England,elections have been used as a parlia

2、mentary process since the 13th century.The secret ballot was adopted in 1872 and full equal voting rights won for women in 1928.All registered members of the public aged 18 and over may vote in parliamentary elections.The British House of Commons is elected for a maximum of five years;the prime mini

3、ster can call a general election at any time.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPT THE LISTING The calling of an election the election writ By-elections Nomination of candidates Election campaigns and expenses Corrupt practices The parliamentary franchise The poll Dis

4、puted elections Effects of the first-past-the-post system Electoral behaviour in Britain TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTThe calling of an election the election writ The royal proclamation announcing the dissolution of Parliament and the summoning of a new Parlia

5、ment is the authorization for the writs for a general election.The decision to dissolve Parliament is made by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister.Under the Parliament Act 1911 the maximum duration of a Parliament is five years.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Offi

6、ce PPT PPT On average,since 1900 elections have been held between every three and four years.On two occasions in the 20th century two elections have been held in one year:in 1910 and 1974.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTBy-elections A writ for a by-election is is

7、sued by the clerk of the Crown on receipt of the Speakers warrant.A by-election must be held not less than 11 or more than 21 days after the issue of the writ.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTNomination of candidates The House of Commons consists of 659 members,ea

8、ch representing a single-member constituency.Each candidate must be nominated by a proposer,a seconder,and eight other electors.In practice,the overwhelming majority of candidates are nominated by political parties.Furthermore,the majority of the party candidates are nominated by the Conservative,La

9、bour,and Liberal Democrat parties.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTElizabethTheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTElection campaigns and expenses The election expenses of each candidate are strictly controlled.The purposes of electio

10、n expenses are also strictly controlled and all expenses must be declared and published.All election literature must include the name and address of the publisher and of the printer.Each candidate is allowed,however,to send one electoral communication free to every elector in the constituency.TheEle

11、ctoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTCorrupt practices In earlier times British elections were notoriously corrupt,but the introduction of the secret ballot in 1872 and the passing of the Corrupt and Illegal Practices Act 1883 have virtually eliminated corruption.A person f

12、ound guilty of a corrupt or illegal practice is disqualified from voting for five years in a parliamentary election.In contrast to the rest of the UK,however,examples of personation and intimidation have been fairly common in Northern Ireland.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Of

13、fice PPT PPTThe parliamentary franchise To qualify as an elector in a parliamentary election in a particular constituency a person must be resident in that constituency on the annual qualifying date(10 October),be a British citizen or a citizen of the Republic of Ireland,of at least 18 years of age(

14、21 before 1969),and not be subject to any legal disqualification.The electoral register is compiled annually and comes into force on 15 February following the qualifying date of 10 October.Lists of electors are publicly displayed to enable voters to ensure that their names have been included.TheElec

15、toralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTWindsdor CastleTheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTThe poll Since the general election of 1918 polling or voting has taken place in all constituencies on the same day.Prior to this,polling was spread over

16、three to four weeks.Voters are provided with polling cards which direct them to specified polling stations located in different parts of the constituency.The polling stations open at 7 a.m.and close at 10 p.m.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTDisputed elections If

17、it is alleged that the elected candidate is disqualified from sitting in Parliament,or that a candidate has engaged in bribery,corruption,orintimidation of electors,or that people ineligible to vote have voted in theelection,the case is referred to an election court.This consists of two HighCourt ju

18、dges who may,according to the evidence,declare the election void ordeclare the candidate with the next highest number of votes elected.In the past,disputed elections were not uncommon,but they are now comparatively rare and are mostly concerned with alleged disqualification of the successful candida

19、te.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTEffects of the first-past-the-post system The simple first-past-the-post system of voting has an important effect on elections since it is possible in a given constituency for a candidate to be elected with only a relative major

20、ity of votes.This can,of course,only occur where there are three or more candidates,but since this is not uncommon,such results are not rare.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTElectoral behaviour in Britain Electoral behaviour in Britain is characterized by a consid

21、erable degree of homogeneity and the movement of support(or swing)from one party to another at a general election is usually maintained fairly uniformly over the whole country.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPT The White HouseTheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演

22、模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTElections in the United States The system is a product not only of American politics but also of the development of technology as problems regarding transportation and communications were solved in the past 200 years.Basically,the system is not that complicated when tra

23、ced backwards.In the simplest terms,the members of the College of Electors from 50 states and the District of Columbia get together and cast their votes for the president and vice-president of the United States.The candidates who get the highest number of votes win.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PP

24、T 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTTHE LISTINGVoting Eligibility Voter registration Absentee voting Mail ballots Early voting Voting equipment TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPT Eligibility The eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the constitution

25、and also regulated at state level.The constitution states that suffrage cannot be denied on grounds of race or color,sex or age for citizens eighteen years or older.Beyond these basic qualifications,it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国

26、选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTVoter registration Every state except North Dakota requires that citizens who wish to vote be registered.Some states allow citizens to register to vote on the same day of the election.Traditionally,voters had to register at state offices to vote,but in th

27、e mid-1990s efforts were made by the federal government to make registering easier,in an attempt to increase turnout.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTAbsentee voting Voters unable or unwilling to vote at polling stations on Election Day can vote via absentee ballo

28、ts.Absentee ballots are most commonly sent and received via the United States Postal Service.Despite their name,absentee ballots are often requested and submitted in person.Typically a voter must request an absentee ballot before the election occurs.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Of

29、fice Office PPT PPTMail ballots Mail ballots are similar in many respects to an absentee ballot.However they are used for Mailing Precincts where on election day no polling place is opened for a specific precinct.In Oregon,all ballots are delivered through the mail.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PP

30、T 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTEarly voting Early voting is a formal process where voters can cast their ballots prior to the official election day.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTVoting equipment Voters casting their ballots in polling places record their vo

31、tes most commonly with optical scan voting machines or DRE voting machines.Voting machine selection is typically done through a states local election jurisdiction including counties,cities,and townships.Many of these local jurisdictions have changed their voting equipment since 2000 due to the passa

32、ge of the Help America Vote Act(HA V A),which allocated funds for the replacement of lever machine and punch card voting equipment.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTLevels of Election Federal elections Presidential elections Congressional elections Senate elections

33、 House of Representatives elections State elections Local elections TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTFederal elections The United States has a presidential system of government,which means that the executive and legislature are elected separately.It is the respons

34、ibility of state legislatures to regulate the qualifications for a candidate appearing on a ballot paper,although in order to get onto the ballot,a candidate must often collect a legally defined number of signatures.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTTheElectoralSys

35、tem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTPresidential elections The President and the Vice President are elected together in a Presidential election.The election is indirect,the winner being determined by votes cast by electors of the Electoral College.In modern times,voters in each sta

36、te select a slate of electors from a list of several slates designated by different parties or candidates,and the electors typically promise in advance to vote for the candidates of their party TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTCongressional elections Elections to

37、Congress take place every two years.Congress has two chambers.Senate elections The Senate has 100 members,elected for a six year term in dual-seat constituencies(two from each state)with one-third being renewed every two years.Until the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913

38、,Senators were elected by state legislatures,not the electorate of states.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTCongress of USTheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTHouse of Representatives elections The House of Representatives has 435 me

39、mbers,elected for a two year term in single-seat constituencies House elections are usually,but not always,correlated with presidential elections.As the redistricting commissions of states are often partisan,districts are often drawn which benefit incumbents.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板

40、 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTState elections State law and state constitutions,controlled by state legislatures regulate elections at a state level and local level.Various officials at state level are elected.Since the separation of powers applies to states as well as the federal government,state leg

41、islatures and the executive(the governor)are elected separately.Proposals to amend the state constitution are also placed on the ballot in some states.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTLocal elections At the local level,county and city government positions are usua

42、lly filled by election,especially within the legislative branch.The extent to which offices in the executive or judicial branches are elected vary from county to county.Some examples of local elected positions include sheriffs at the county level and mayors and school board members at the city level

43、.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTSupreme Court of USTheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTFeatures of the election system Party systems Ballot access Campaign finance Primaries and caucuses TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板

44、文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTParty systems The United States has a very strong two-party system,which means that there are two dominant political parties.It is extremely difficult for anyone to achieve electoral success under a third party.As a general rule,the Democratic and Republican parties are to

45、o well established to be seriously challenged in federal and state electoral politics.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTBallot access Ballot access refers to the laws which regulate under what conditions access is granted for a candidate or political party to appea

46、r on voters ballots.Each State has its own ballot access laws to determine who may appear on ballots and who may not.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTCampaign finance The funding of electoral campaigns has always been a controversial issue in American politics.Inf

47、ringement of free speech(First Amendment)is an argument against restrictions on campaign contributions,while allegations of corruption arising from unlimited contributions is an argument for the other side.Private funds are a major source of finance,from individuals and organizations.TheElectoralSys

48、tem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPTPrimaries and caucuses In federal elections,candidates are chosen not by party officials,but by primary elections(abbreviated to primaries)and caucuses.A primary election is an election in which registered voters in a jurisdiction(nominating primary)select a political partys candidate for a later election.Caucuses also nominate candidates by election,but they are very different from primaries.TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度PPT PPT 文档演模板 文档演模板 Office Office PPT PPT演讲完毕，谢谢听讲!再见，see you again2023/6/11TheElectoralSystem 英国与美国选举制度