古今中外经典桥梁赏析第一章 绪论国外桥梁建筑.pptx

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1、Bridges in the World 1B.国外桥梁建筑古今中外经典桥梁赏析Bridges in the World 2Bridges in the Worldn Ancient bridgesn(Cantilever)Steel truss bridgesn Steel Box and plate girder bridgesn Steel and concrete arch bridgesn Prestressed concrete girder(rigid frame)bridgesn Cable-stayed bridgesn Suspension bridges Bridges

2、in the World 3Kintai Bridge in Japann 五跨木拱桥，跨度35m，始建于1673 年，日本三大名桥之一n 1950 年毁于台风，1953 年重建n 据传中国和尚帮助了该桥的设计与施工Bridges in the World 4Chapel Bridge in Switzerlandn 始建于1333年n 1993遭受火灾后重建 Bridges in the World 5Covered timber bridges in USAn Thousands of covered timber bridges built in USA from the end of

3、18 century to the early days of 19 centuryn Covered bridges are roofed to protect the structure from rotn The longest one:Michael Bridge in 1851 with span of 110m Thomas Mill Bridge 廊桥遗梦THE BRIDGES OF MADISON COUNTY Bridges in the World 6Mycenaean Bridge in Greece,BC1300Bridges in the World 7Pons Mu

4、lvius(Ponte Molle)Bridgen located about 4.5 km(3 miles)North of Ancient Rome on the Via Flaminian original(wooden)bridge built about 220 B.C.E.;stone bridge built in 109 B.C.E.,a good portion of which still remains today!n site of the famous Battle at the Milvian(穆尔维)Bridge,in which Constantine(君士坦丁

5、)defeated Maxentius(马克森提乌斯)in 312 C.E.疏洪拱Bridges in the World 8Aqueduct of Pont de Gard in Francen 建于公元前167158年，长262m，高50m，三层半园拱结构（7，10，35），最大跨度24mn 结构宏伟，比例协调合理，色泽光亮，石料加工精细（不用砂浆）n 建成后约400年，两端被战争破坏，1670年重建,世界著名风景名胜之一Bridges in the World 9Aqueduct of Segovia in Spainn 两层拱结构，长876m，高30m，总共119 孔n 采用20 40

6、0 块粗加工的石料砌成（不用砂浆）n 大约2000 年前建成Bridges in the World 10Alcantara Bridge in Spain,104 106A.C.Bridges in the World 11The Ponte Sant Angelo Bridge in Romen 建于公元134年，跨越Tiber河n 1688年，在栏杆柱上增加了10尊天使雕像n 中间三孔为原桥，两边孔为后增Bridges in the World 12Avignon Bridge in Francen 建于1177 1187，原有20 孔，跨度30m 左右n 因被洪水冲毁，现只剩三孔，成为

7、著名的“断桥”Bridges in the World 13鸭绿江断桥n 1909 年5 月，日本人在朝鲜一侧开始施工，并迫使中方同意建桥。1911 年10 月大桥竣工通车。大桥总长944 2 米，共12 孔，为便于船舶航行，中方第四孔架设旋转式“开闭梁”，这便是鸭绿江上第一桥。n 第二桥建于1937 年4 月，在第一桥上游，与第一桥相距不足百米，即现在的“中朝友谊大桥”，与第一桥并称鸭绿江上的“姐妹桥”。n 1950 年6 月，朝鲜爆发内战。1950年11 月8 日，美空军首次派出百余架B29 型轰炸机，对大桥狂轰滥炸，大桥被拦腰炸断，朝方一侧钢梁落入水中。同年11 月14 日，美军又派出军

8、用轰炸机34 架，再次轰炸大桥，朝方三座桥墩被炸塌，至此大桥瘫痪，中方一侧残存四孔。被人们称为鸭绿江断桥，成为抗美援朝战争的历史见证。Bridges in the World 14Elvet Bridge in England 11 12世纪欧洲曾出现“尖拱”，因桥墩厚重，跨度难以加大而逐步放弃，但在建筑结构中广泛采用 建于1160 的石拱桥，原有14孔，后因1771年的洪水冲毁只剩10孔，18045年修复Bridges in the World 15Old and New London Bridgen 跨越Thames 河，29 孔，跨度4.6-10.6m，墩宽大约8m，桥上有房屋和商店，桥

9、前身为木桥，公元963 915 年由罗马人修建（歌谣：London Bridge is falling down），在1176 1209 改建为收费石拱桥n 因旧桥不堪交通重负，1824 31 年另建了新伦敦桥（花岗岩石拱桥）n 1970 年，新伦敦桥卖给美国Lake Havasu City,Arizona，按原样重建 n 现桥址处为一6 车道钢筋混凝土桥，1973 年开通Bridges in the World 16Karlsbrucke(Charles)Bridge in Braguen Firstly timber bridgen 1403-1503,stone arch bridge

10、with 16 arches,span of about 20mn More than 30 saint sculptures on rail postBridges in the World 17Mostar Bridge in Bosnia-Herzegovinan Single-span stone arch footbridge with span of 29mn Built in 1557-1566n Heavily damaged during Muslin-Croat fight in 1993n Reconstruction was completed in 2004Bridg

11、es in the World 18Allahverdi Khan Bridge in Isfahan,Irann 33-arches,long 300m,built in 1602n Transportation structure and a social&contemplative place as wellBridges in the World 19Two arch bridges in Italyn Ponte Vecchio Bridge in Florence,firstly built in 972 in wood but destroyed by a flood in 11

12、17,redone in stone but collapsed again in 1333.The current structure built in 1345n 3 arches with span of 29m and rise-span ratio of 1/6n 3-storey jewellers shops on it n Ponte di Rialto Bridge in Venice,built in 1588-1591n With span of 26.6m and rise 6.3mn building on the bridge Bridges in the Worl

13、d 20Ponte VecchioBridges in the World 21Ponte di RialtoBridges in the World 22Menai Strait Bridge in UKn An old suspension bridge with cables of chain bars made of wrought iron n Main span of 177m,located at North Wales,UKn Built during 1820-26,rehabilitated in 1940n Design by Thomas TelfordBridges

14、in the World 23London Tower Bridgen The sign of London,the first bridge from the estuary of Thamesn Opened to public in June,1894n The distance of two piers is 76m,on piers are two square tower,between piers are a double deck bridge,lower deck is movable 6 lane roadway and upper deck is walkwayn Sid

15、e spans:chain suspended deck Bridges in the World 24Bridges in the World 25Coalbrookdale Bridge in England,n Completed in 1779 with span of 30.5m and rise height 13.7m，7m 宽桥面，5 个半圆拱，无螺栓连接，800 多个铸件，重约400 吨n The first cast iron arch bridge in the worldn 预制拼装施工方法Bridges in the World 26Britannia Tubular

16、 Bridge in UKn Early railway girder bridge made of wrought ironn Spans of 70+146+146+70m,built during 1845-1850n Tests in the bridges building proved the reliability of solid-web girder bridgen Destroyed by fire in 1970 and later rebuilt as an arch bridgeInitially designed to be a suspension bridgeB

17、ridges in the World 27Firth of Forth Bridgen Cantilever truss(Corbel truss)beam bridge with main span of 521mn Built during 1880 to 1890n Located at Scotlandn The sign of modern bridgesBridges in the World 28Quebec Bridge in Canadan The largest steel cantilever truss bridge for railway in the world,

18、main span of 548.8mn Completed in 1917 finally,used until now Bridges in the World 29Quebec Bridge Accidentsn some compressive members buckling caused structures damage in the first construction in Aug 1907,9000 tons steel wasted and 75 diedn Original truss was replaced by K-shape truss in the secon

19、d design,when lifting suspended span,it dropped down to river on Sept 1916,caused the second accident,7 died Bridges in the World 30Minato Bridge in Osaka,Japann Double-deck highway bridge with span of 235+510+235mn Cantilever K-type steel truss,welding box member and integral jointn Completed in 19

20、74Bridges in the World 31Commodore Barry Bridgen Also called Chester Bridge,located in New Jersey,USAn Three-span steel cantilever truss with main span of 501.22m and suspended span of 250.61mn Bolt-welding structure,completed in 1974Bridges in the World 32Great New Orleans Bridgesn Through-type Hig

21、hway bridges located at Louisiana,USAn Span of 260+480+260m for the bridge built in 1958,Maximum height of truss 61mn 4 lanes and two 0.9m walkwayn Another bridge with same name built in 1988 with main span of 480mBridges in the World 33Howrah Bridge in Indian Located at Calcutta and cross Hooghly R

22、ivern Spans of 99.06+457.2+99.06m,suspended span of 171.9mn Designed by UK engineers and built in 1943Bridges in the World 34n Truss beam railway bridge with 85 spans,13 of them are navigation span,almost 2 miles longn Designed by Thomas Bouchn Completed in 1878n Located at Dundee,ScotlandTay Bridge

23、Bridges in the World 35The Tay Bridge Disastern On the stormy night of 28 Dec 1879,after 19 months opening,a huge gale(80 miles per hour)blew down the navigation spans,together with a train(6 carriages)and 75 souls to the Firth of Tayn Investigation:static wind design mistake(caused by strength of w

24、ind,not poor construction and bad maintenance)Bridges in the World 36Astoria Bridge in USAn Located in Oregon,across Columbia Rivern Three-span continuous steel truss highway bridgen Span of 187.5+375+187.5m,total length of 751mn Completed in 1966Bridges in the World 37Francis Scott Key Bridgen Loca

25、ted at Baltimore Harbor,USAn Span of 366m,completed in 1977Bridges in the World 38Ikitsuki-Ohashi Bridgen The largest continuous steel truss bridge in the worldn Continuous truss with span of 400m,maximum spann Completed in 1991Bridges in the World 39Yoshima Bridge in Japann Combined road and rail 3

26、-span continuous steel truss bridge with main span of 245mn HSS is used for an economical design,thinner plate simplified fabrication and con.n Double deck,upper 4 lanes roadway and lower 2 4 track railway,in curven HT780(yield strength 630N/m2)steel,maximum member size is 2*1.8m with thickness of 7

27、0mmn Opened in 1988Bridges in the World 40Yoshima Bridge in Japan(con.)Bridges in the World 41Rhine Bridge at Cologne-Deutz,Germany Combined road-streetcar bridge in Cologne-deutz,first slender steel box girder replacing a chain suspension bridge destroyed during World War II Spans:132.1+184.5+120.7

28、m Orthotropic deck with reinforced concrete wearing layer Erection in large elements with heavy lifting equipment in 1946-47Bridges in the World 42Rhine Bridge at Bonn-Southn 6-lane highway and 2-track streetcar steel bridge in Germanyn Spans of 125+230+125m,width 39.7mn Cross-section of two box gir

29、der with an orthotropic platen Built during 1968-72Bridges in the World 43Rio-Niteroi in Braziln The longest steel box girder bridge in the worldn Located at Guanabara Bay,Rio de Janeiro-Niteroi,Braziln Main span of 300m,total length of 13 900mn Completed in 1972Bridges in the World 44Namihaya Bridg

30、e in Japann curved 3 span continuous steel deck box girdern Located at city of Osakan Main span of 250m,Completed in 1994Bridges in the World 45Eads Bridge over the Mississippi at St.Louis,USAn First steel(arch)bridge in the worldn Built 1867-1874 with center span of 158.80mn Upper deck for roadway,

31、lower level for double-track train until 1974Bridges in the World 46Alexander III Bridge in Parisn Very flat steel arch bridge,1/17n Span of more than 107.5m,three-hinged arch,completed in 1900n Famous of its Luxuriant decoration and sculptBridges in the World 47Hell Gate Bridge in USAn Steel trusse

32、d archn 4 tracks railway bridge with span of 298mn Completed in 1916 Bridges in the World 48Bayonne Bridge in USAn Steel trussed archn Highway bridge with span of 503.6mn Completed in 1931Bridges in the World 49Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australian Steel trussed archn Highway bridge with span of 503mn

33、 Completed in 1932n Designed by Ralph FreemanBridges in the World 50Bridges in the World 51Port Mann Bridge in Canadan Three-span steel tied arch bridge with orthotropic deckn Main span of 366mn Finished in 1964Bridges in the World 52Fremont Bridge in Portland,USAn The largest tied arch steel bridge

34、(double-decked)n Finished in 1973 with span of 382.6mn Construction:arch span(6000t)floated to the place then lift about 50m high to positionBridges in the World 53New River Gorge Bridge in USAn Weathering-resistant steel trussed archn Highway bridge with span of 518.2m,the longest arch bridge in th

35、e worldn Completed in 1977,“Bridge Day”in 1980 for parachuting,ready to cancel recentlyBridges in the World 54Banghua Bridge in Korean Highway steel arch bridge with span of 540mn Built in 2000Bridges in the World 55Shin-Hamadera Bridge in Japann Nielsen-Lohse Arch with span of 254mn Completion:1991

36、Bridges in the World 56Kishiwada Bridge in Japann Three-span continuous through-type steel arch bridge with main span of 255mn Completion:1993Bridges in the World 57 Tjrn Bridge in Sweden n Dumbbell-like hollow steel tube as arch ringn Main span of 278mn Completed in 1960 and bumped and collapsed by

37、 ship in 1980n 重建，主跨366m的混合梁斜拉桥Bridges in the World 58Rockville Bridge n Located at Harrisburg,across the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania,USAn 1 141m in length,the longest stone arch railway bridge in the worldn Built in 1902 by The Pennsylvania RailroadBridges in the World 59Tavanasa Bridge in Sw

38、itzerlandn A three-hinge R.C.arch bridgen Built in 1905，design by Robert MaillardBridges in the World 60Salgina Bridge混凝土三铰拱，主跨90m，1930，土木工程里程碑建筑Bridges in the World 61n 瑞典Sando桥，跨度264mn 1943年建成，拱架法施工n 西班牙Elsa铁路桥，跨度210mn 1942年建成，劲性骨架法施工Bridges in the World 62Ponte da Amizade(Friendship)Bridgen In Br

39、azil,open March 1965,552.4m long,13.5m wide and 78m high,span of 303m 1965n A cable-stayed bridge in Macao with same nameBridges in the World 63Arrabida Bridge in Portugaln Span of 270mn Two twin concrete archesn Constructed between 1957-63n Cantilever construction for metallic frameworkBridges in t

40、he World 64Gladesville Bridge n Located at the environs of Sydney,Australian Main span of 305m and completed in 1964Bridges in the World 65Krk II Bridge in former Yugoslavian Span of 390m,completed in 1980n Arch ring:R.C.with box sectionn Construction:cantilever precasting Bridges in the World 66Ben

41、dorf Bridgen Located in Germany,across Rhine River near Koblenz n Spans of 71+208+71m,two parallel single box girdersn Hinge at the middle of the main spann Cantilever construction,a typical example for balanced cantilever concreting in early stagen Completed in 1964Bridges in the World 67n Located

42、at Brisbane,Length of 1627m,span of 145+260+145m,double thin-walled piersn Expansion joints in side span at the distance of 15m to side piersn Cantilever construction,built in 1980-86Gateway Bridge in AustraliaBridges in the World 68Raftsundet Bridge in Norwayn Highway prestressed concrete continuou

43、s frame bridge n Span:86+202+298+125mn Lightweight concrete used in the middle spann Completed in 1998Bridges in the World 69葡萄牙铁路连续刚构桥So Joo Bridge1991年，主跨250m，双线铁路Bridges in the World 70Early steel cable-stayed bridges in Germany Theodor-Heuse Bridge,4-lane highway bridge with spans of 108+260+108

44、m,first cable-stayed bridge in Germany,1957 Oberkassel Bridge,4-lane street and 2-track streetcar bridge with spans of 5*51.55+257.75+70m,horizontal moving cons.,1970-76Bridges in the World 71Modern steel cable-stayed bridges in Japann Turumi Ship Channel Bridgen Span of 255+510+255mn 6-lane roadway

45、 steel bridge with width of 28.75mn Built in 1994n Meikounishi Bridgen Span of 175+405+175m,suspended systemn 4-lane roadway steel bridge with width of 13mn A-shaped pylonn Built in 1984Bridges in the World 72Modern steel cable-stayed bridges in Japan(con.)n Yokohama Bridge,total 860mn Span of 200+4

46、60+200mn H-shaped pylon,fan-type cablen Double deck with 6 lanes on eachn Stiffening girder of trussn Built in 1988n Ikuti Bridge,total 795.8mn Span of 150+490+150mn Diamond pylon,fan-type cablen Middle span:steel box girder,side span:P.C.box girder with two small piers belown Built in 1991Bridges i

47、n the World 73Normandy Bridge in Francen Combined steel-concrete cable-stayed bridge across Seinen Total length 2141.25m,span of 737.5+856+547.75m,main span consists of 116m concrete girder on each side and 624m steel girder in the middle,pylons height:202mn Construction 1989-1995Bridges in the Worl

48、d 74Normandy Bridge in France(con.)Cross-sectionPerspective of segmental girderCross-diaphragmOrthotropic plateLongitudinal stiffenerBridges in the World 75Tatara Bridge in Japann Located in the route of Honshu-Shikokun Span of 270+890+320m,pylons height:216.6mn Starting at 1990 and completed in 199

49、9Bridges in the World 76Maracaibo Bridge in Venezuelan The first concrete cable-stayed bridge in the worldn Total length of 8.7km,main span of 235m for 5 spansn X-shaped pier,A-shaped pylon and a pair of rigid cables,suspended span length 85.5mn Completed in 1962,strengthened in 1980sBridges in the

50、World 77Brotonne Bridge in Francen 3-span P.C.cable-stayed bridge across Seinen Spans of 143.5+320+143.5m,box girder with inner bracingn 4 lanes highway,Completed in 1977Bridges in the World 78Skarnsundet Bridge in Norwayn Opened in Dec 1991,the longest concrete cable-stayed bridge in the worldn Spa