:原发性肝癌合并肝静脉下腔静脉癌栓的综合治疗策略.docx
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1、最新:原发性肝癌合并肝静脉/T腔静脉癌栓的综合治疗策略摘要原发性肝癌是一种常见的恶性肿瘤。早期肝癌适合行手术切除、局部消融、 肝移植等根治性治疗,预后相对较好。然而,晚期肝癌常伴有肝静脉和下 腔静脉癌栓,治疗后复发、转移率高,预后差。合并肝静脉和下腔静脉癌 栓的晚期肝癌患者,我国指南推荐包括局部治疗、系统治疗、手术切除等 综合治疗模式。本文重点回顾了近十年来原发性肝癌合并肝静脉及下腔静 脉癌栓在诊断、分型与治疗方面的进展。原发性肝癌是一种常见的恶性肿瘤,全球发病率在所有恶性肿瘤中排第6 位1。在我国,肝癌是发病率第二的消化系统肿瘤,仅次于胃癌2。肝 癌患者中初次诊断时即合并大血管侵犯(包括门静
2、脉、肝静脉、下腔静脉) 的占14.3%39.6%3,4。多数肝癌患者同时存在门静脉癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombosis, PVTT)、肝静脉癌栓(hepatic vein tumor thrombosis, HVTT) s下腔静脉癌栓(inferior vena cava tumor thrombosis, IVCTT)O癌栓一旦脱落,可造成肺动脉栓塞,病情凶险且死 亡率极高。肝癌合并大血管侵犯属于中国肝癌分期(China Liver Cancer Staging, CNLQnia期,首先推荐局部治疗,其次选择索拉非尼、仑伐替 尼等系统抗肿瘤药物治疗,但此类患者中位生
3、存期仍较短5。近年来,靶向联合免疫治疗、经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞(transcatheter 查后使用术中超声明确肿瘤及癌栓位置。Pringle法阻断肝门血流后,通 过解剖性肝切除同时去除原发病灶及受累肝静脉分支34。对于程氏分型 II型HVTT/IVCTT ,应行全肝血流阻断。在阻断前先试着钳夹下腔静脉数 次以确定患者血流动力学是否稳定。若因流出道阻塞而出现严重肝淤血, 则需先建立门静脉至下腔静脉或上腔静脉的静脉旁路35,36。如果癌栓只 侵犯部分下腔静脉壁,可同时切除癌栓及受累的下腔静脉壁,并连续缝合 修补。如果下腔静脉壁已广泛受侵,则应节段性切除受累的下腔静脉并进 行血管移植重建16。对于程
4、氏分型m型HVTT/IVCTT ,若癌栓尚未侵入 右心房,在行全肝血流阻断后,可切开膈肌并于胸腔内分离心包与膈肌。 此后在癌栓以上平面阻断下腔静脉,切除癌栓即可。此方法避免了因体外 循环正中开胸,降低手术风险的同时减少手术时间37。癌栓若已侵犯右 心房,则需常规进行体外循环34,36。手术过程中,采用经食道超声监测 右心房内的癌栓36。通常情况下全肝血流阻断时间应控制在60 min以 内,实际操作中可根据患者肝硬化程度及肝功能情况调整16。肿瘤数目3个(HR= 1.88 ,95%CI :1.28-2.71 ,P = 0.002)、合并PVTT(HR = 1.91 , 95%CI: 1.34-2
5、.70 , P0.001)s合并食管胃底静脉曲张(HR二 1.85 , 95%CI : 1.13-2.90 , P = 0.016)和肿瘤细胞分化差(HR = 1.57 , 95%CI : 1.022.35 , P = 0.040)是HVTT/IVCTT患者术后预后的景乡响因 素口0。对于晚期肝癌合并HVTT/IVCTT患者的手术指征,目前尚无统一标准。对 此,Kasai等28指出,当原发性肝癌合并IVCTT诊断明确后,应评估有 无以下情况:(1)合并肝外转移;(2)癌栓已达右心房,手术过程中需进行 体外循环;(3)肝功能Child-Pugh C级;(4)多发肿瘤。若合并以上任意一 种情况,应
6、先行HAIC联合放射治疗、TACE等,治疗后再次评估。当以 上因素均不存在时,则为合适的手术时机。按此标准进行术前治疗后手术 的患者(n = 20)中位生存期可达26.1个月,不满足此标准的手术患者(n二 19)中位生存期仅10.4个月,五年生存率分别为41%、14%(P = 0.039)。 肿瘤长径7 cm、单发肿瘤、不合并PVTT的肝癌患者更适合手术治疗38。四、结论目前,对于肝癌合并HVTT/IVCTT患者的标准治疗方案仍处于探索中。既 往受限于手术技术及围手术期管理,多数患者单纯行非手术治疗,然而治 疗后生存期较短且复发率高。近年来,肝癌切除联合癌栓切除已在国内外 广泛开展,研究结果显
7、示,与非手术治疗相比,经过综合治疗后进行手术 切除能够为此类患者带来生存获益。对于肝功能良好的患者,只要经过控 制后肿瘤病灶可切除且癌栓局限于肝静脉或下腔静脉内,均可采取积极的 手术治疗,以免错失最佳的治疗窗口。联合其他辅助治疗不仅能够缩小癌 栓,对于肿瘤体积大、剩余肝体积不足或肝硬化较重肝功能储备差的患者, 还能够明显减轻肿瘤负荷,创造手术机会。综上,对于合并HVTT/IVCTT 肝癌患者治疗方式的选择,需要根据患者病情综合决策,以提高患者生存 质量,延长生存时间。参考文献SungH, FerlayJ, SiegeIRL, et al. Global cancer statistics 20
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