:肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗进展.docx
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1、最新:肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗进展摘要肝门部胆管癌是最常见的胆管恶性肿瘤,其起病隐匿,恶性程度高,发现 时多有淋巴结转移和神经、血管侵犯。目前通过外科手术行R0切除仍是 肝门部胆管癌患者获得长期生存的方法。本文就肝门部胆管癌的术前评估、 手术切除及系统治疗等外科治疗热点问题和相关进展进行综述。肝门部胆管癌(hilar cholangiocarcinoma, HCCA)指发生于左右肝管、汇合部以及肝总管的恶性肿瘤,占所有胆管癌的60.0%67.0%1,2o HCCA起病隐匿,具有高度侵袭性,多数患者确诊时已处于局部晚期或已出现远 处转移,HCCA患者的五年生存率为6.0% 10.0%。根治性手术切
2、除是目前HCCA患者获得长期生存的首选方法,根治性切除患者术后五年生存率 达40.0%。但由于HCCA解剖位置特殊,R0切除率低,切除后复发率高 3o本文就HCCA外科治疗热点问题和相关进展进行综述。一、HCCA术前评估与处理1 . HCCA分型与分期:为了选择合适的治疗方案,通常需在术前对肿瘤进行明确的诊断和分型, 以评估肿瘤的可切除性。目前临床上使用最广泛的是Bismuth-Corlette(95%CI : 29.7-44.5),卡培他滨组的中位无复发生存期为24.4个月(95%CI : 18.6-35.9),观察组为 17.5 个月(95%CI : 12.023.8)45.有研究报道了以
3、5-氟尿口密咤为基础的辅助化疗联合放射治疗对淋巴结阳 性的HCCA患者有效46。一项研究纳入249例HCCA行手术治疗的患 者,淋巴结阳性是无复发生存危险因素,联合辅助治疗(化疗、放射治疗或 联合放化疗)是保护因素47。然而,这些研究都是非随机、小样本研究, 还需要更多的研究来证实放射治疗在HCCA中的效果。3.其他治疗:此外,靶向治疗、免疫治疗和其他生物治疗也具有良好的发展前景48,49。Lowery等50证明了 HCCA患者中KRAS.TP53或SMAD4的基因突变 频率高,提示这些潜在的治疗靶点。错配修复缺陷相关胆道肿瘤对程序性 死亡蛋白-1阻断剂敏感,NCCN最新指南建议将帕博利珠单抗
4、作为不可 切除或转移性高度微卫星不稳定性/错配修复缺陷型胆管癌患者的治疗方 案51。目前对胆管癌的HER2靶向治疗方案也在进行多项口期临床试验, 在第二阶段试验中发现瑞戈非尼的疾病控制率良好,可用于化疗难治性患 者52。更好地了解HCCA基因组、表观遗传、分子特征,可为新的治疗 药物或方法提供理论基础,且未来通过免疫及靶向治疗使更多的患者获益。四、总结 以根治性切除为主,联合放射治疗、化疗等多种手段的综合治疗是改善 HCCA患者预后的有效手段。由于肝门部解剖复杂,手术难度大,需在术 前进行全面评估和准备,以提高手术安全性和根治性切除率。HCCA的手 术治疗应兼顾根治性切除要求和肝功能的保留,需
5、要仔细确定切除范围和 手术对于残肝血供的影响,对于部分患者还可以考虑行肝移植以获得更好 的预后。微创手术尤其是机器人辅助手术近年已开始在HCCA的治疗中应 用,但是有待更多的经验积累和疗效总结。近年来新辅助化疗、放化疗的 应用对于提高HCCA的R0切除率、改善预后显示出重要价值靶向治疗、 免疫治疗和其他生物治疗也具有良好的发展前景,期待更多有效或具有突 破性的药物或者综合治疗方案问世。参考文献SerrabloA, TejedorL. Outcome of surgical resection in Klatskin tumorsJ. World J Gastrointest Oncol, 20
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