四级阅读手记：英语四级阅读理解应试技巧.pdf

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1、英语四级阅读理解应试技巧一、阅读之大忌一一试图弄懂文章中的每一个词同学们阅读时往往试图搞懂文章中每一个单词，考试亦不例外，因此遇到看不懂的单词就很着急，甚至产生强烈的挫折感、失败感，这在很大程度上同学习方法有关。很少有同学说对大学英语课文感兴趣，原因之一是学习英语的过程太枯燥乏味，儿乎就是一个背单词的过程。我们在校园里经常看到背诵英语单词的同学闭着眼睛，嘴里念念有词：“come,come,come 来，来，来;go,go,go去，去，去”。这样孤立、机械的记诵效果很可疑，因为英、汉词汇之间鲜有如此译电码般的对应关系,come在很多场合不等于“来 ，如：How come,come to,come

2、 off,come out,come of age,come on 等。go 仅在极少场合才相当于“去 工 学 语 言 一 特 别 是 学 外 语 一 的 确 需 要 大 量 背 诵，但应该扩大背诵的单位，比如最初可记些短语、词语搭配，继而过渡到句子，最好是背诵精彩、地道的短文。至于阅读理解，单词同它是个别同整体的关系，我们既要认清词义，也不能一叶障目，忽视对文章整体意义的把握。平时阅读时如果遇到生词，最好不要急于查阅字典，应该利用上下文分析、推理、猜测。即使只明白大概意思也比查字典后完全明白好。这样做可能感到不踏实，甚至短时间内觉得没进步，但长期坚持就会养成积极思维的习惯，积累丰富的阅读经验

3、，培养出很好的语感。考试时遇到生词应该先顺势阅读，也就是说如果不影响对意义的理解，可完全不管它，继续阅读;如果该词汇影响到对篇章意义的理解，可根据构词法、上下文语境猜测其意义。对绝大多数同学而言，阅读考试中永远都可能出现不认识的词，这是命题人员增加命题难度的重要措施。即使将来大家整体水平提高了，出题的难度也会水涨船高，永远都会如此。简言之，我们永远都会和生词打交道,所以必须学会和生词打交道。记住：阅读理解的根本任务是解读文章的整体意义，篇章中的每一个单词当然包括生词都是为篇章意义服务的，反过来篇章也可以制约或赋予词语的意义。所以在理解词义时上下文的重要性怎样强调都不会过分，篇章是理解生词词义最

4、可靠的根据。二、积极的阅读较高境界的阅读是把注意力集中在作者的思路上，而 非“单词”上。比如读 到b u t的时候，应当能够预见到下面的意思与前面不同，作者马上要引入他真正感兴趣的话题或焦点信息。这样就能抓住文章的脉络，越读越明白，而不会只见树木，不见森林。因此我们应注意通过文章的结构去把握文章的脉络。文章结构大致可分为顺承式和转折式两大类：*顺承结构基本上指前后两个部分之间内容相近或相辅相成，即表现了补充、支撑、扩展等关系，通常由 and、similarly firstsecond because、thus、besides、likewise等连接词连接两部分。*转折结构一般指前后两部分之间内

5、容相反，即表现了转折、对比、对立等关系，通常由 however,yet,but,while,nevertheless,on the contrary,on the otherhand等转折词连接两部分。此外，我们还可以利用一些副词或副词性的词组来判断作者的思维走向,如：*综述一详述表示综述的词和词组：often,generally speaking,thus,therefore 等；表示详述的词和词组：for example,because等。*分类列举表示分类的词汇：there are two/three types等，其特点为 基数词”；表示列举的词汇：first,second,third

6、等，其 特 点 为“序数词”。如果我们心中对文章脉络、作者思路有大致的把握，就可能变被动为主动,不受制于个别生词甚至难句，阅读起来有如高屋建甑，就会轻松愉快得多。三、快速阅读的传统技能*略读或跳读(Skimming),即从头到尾浏览，以期对文章有一个总体印象,如文章讲什么，讲哪一方面的事，了解文章的中心思想和作者的基本观点。如果可能，记住信息方位，如什么地方是作者所举例子、原因、结论等。一般说来，阅读速度以每分钟200词为宜。*查读或扫读(Scanning),即先有目的，然后在文章特定部分寻找某线索。如在题干和选择项中知道了关键词，然后带着问题到文章中查找，把注意力放在与问题直接相关的词语上，

7、就像我们平常查阅字典一样。这两种方法都适用于长篇文章的阅读，可以根据具体情况把二者结合起来,互为补充。四、阅读速度的问题快速阅读能节省时间，提高效率。在考试中如果速度快，可以做更多的题目或检查已做题目。但快速阅读与其说是一种方法，不如说是实力的体现!你的词汇量，语法知识，相关背景知识以及阅读熟练程度都直接影响阅读速度。以前我考各种英语测试时，总觉得时间不够用，后 来 考GRE、GMAT时，时间更是紧迫。但后来随着阅读能力的提高，阅读技巧的掌握，我 考TOEFL.IELTS,EPT,PETS等非常轻松，可以说是游刃有余。很多同学在阅读时容易只图快，不求甚解。虽然一目十行，读完后大脑中却一片空白，

8、不知文章所云，这 种“快读”犹如不读。必须正确解决速度和准确性这一矛盾，在阅读中应多加体会、思考，不宜过分强调速度。我们提倡的快速是在基本正确理解文章的基础上的快速，开始时不能一味图快，应注意理解正确,什么时候读懂什么时候结束。通过一段时间的训练，阅读理解能力上去了，速度自然会提高。这 就 是 我 们 平 常 所 说 的speed reading,但 必 须 是read withcomprehension o Otherwise your reading will be in vain.五、阅读顺序一先读文章还是先读题？考试中阅读的顺序和方法是仁者见仁，智者见智。究竟哪种阅读方法好，同学们宜根

9、据自己的习惯和实际情况决定。就是对同一个人也不能一概而论，在阅读不同材料时，为不同问题阅读相似的材料时，同一个人也可完全可能采取不同的顺序和方法。*多数考生在阅读时喜欢采用下面传统的“三部曲”：读文章、做题目、有拿不准的地方再回头读文章，有时还可能重复循环下去。这种方法对了解文章主题有好处，准确率较高，缺点是速度慢，有时间不够之虞。*先浏览题，记住大致考点，再读文章，划下重点位置，最后做题，一气呵成。这种方法的可取性在于“有的放矢”，节省时间，但是在不了解文章结构、主题及细节的情况下，对问题的理解、记忆和查找都有困难，可能反而节约不了时间。*直接从问题入手，边读题 边“带着问题找原句”在前面文

10、章中寻找答案。采用这种方法解题的关键要把问题读懂，如果是细节题，阅读时也要相应仔细一些。如果是推断题，不能主观臆测，也不能望文生义，要根据上下文揣摩作者的意思，要充分利用自己的前知识结构，即已有的知识。*不读文章，径直做题。本法适用于“狗急跳墙”时，即完全没有时间之时,或对文章内容非常熟悉之时。例1Taste is such a subjective matter that we dont usually conduct preference testsfor food.The most you can say about anyone preference is that its one p

11、ersonsopinion.But because the two big coca companies-Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola aremarketed so aggressively,weve wondered how big a role taste preference actuallyplays in brand loyalty.We set up a taste test that challenged people who identifiedthemselves as either Coco Cola or Pepsi fans：Find your br

12、and in a blind tasting.1.According to the paragraph the preference test was conducted in orderto.(A)find out the role taste preference plays in a persons drinking(B)revel which cola is more to the liking of the drinker(C)show that a persons opinion about taste is mere guess-work(D)compare the abilit

13、y of the participants in choosing drinks2.The authors purpose in writing this passage is to.(A)show that taste preference is highly subjective(B)argue that taste testing is an important marketing strategy(C)emphasize that taste and price are closely related to each other(D)recommend that blind tasti

14、ng be introduced in the quality control of colas解题思路：只要看懂第一句话就可以了解全文的主题：口味是非常主观的东西。几乎可以不看剩余部分就可以轻松选出第2题的答案是A)。本段最后一句话提到研究人员组织了一次口味测试，当然是和口味的主观性有关，所以也很容易看出第1题的答案应该是A)。这样可以大大加快解题的速度，不过要特别当心：有些选项看上去符合常理，实际上是命题者的圈套。所以不到万不得已不要这样答题。六、不良阅读习惯不少考生阅读时有如下毛病：*“指读”：用手指、铅笔、尺子指着文章，一个单词一个单词地读。这样无形中限制了眼睛“扫描”，从而降低阅读速

15、度。*“头读”：每次换行读时，头作相应的摇动动作。这样时间长了，不仅颈部容易出现疲劳的症状，也限制了阅读速度。*“声读”：必须读出声音才能理解，也就是说必须将印刷符号转化成声音才能理解，这也势必会影响阅读速度。因此，考生应多进行“默读”训练，学会通过视觉在大脑直接将印刷字符转化成意思的技能。*“回读”：一遇到生词或不熟悉的短语时，返回句首或段首重读。在考试中这样读自然时间不够，就紧张起来，结果大大影响阅读的效果。*“译读”：在阅读过程中不断翻译，通过译成母语来达到理解。这些不良习惯只有平时阅读时刻意训练才能克服，比如经常提醒自己不要把注意力集中在头部、眼睛等的移动上。七、阅读的路标文章十大命题

16、原则任何事物都有一定的规律性，四级阅读试题也不例外，它体现了一些最基本的命题规则。兹将这些规律归纳成以下十条原则，即十大考试要点：(一)列举处常考列举指的是由First,Second,.Third,等引导的并列成分,或A、B、Cand D等并列的成分，本书统称为“列举处常考”。它 们 属 于“细节性问题”题型，主要有两种：*Which题型该题型要求从并列的三选中选一项作为答案，其他选项与题目无关。例 2The technology that they are working on would suggest quite reasonably that,within three to five

17、years,well have some workable,sensors ready to use.Suchdevices might find wide use in places that attract terrorists.Police could detect drugs,bodies and bombs hidden in cars,while food inspectors could easily test food andwater for contamination.Q:Which of the following is within the capacity of th

18、e artificial nose beingdeveloped?(A)Monitoring food processing(B)Performing physical examinations(C)Locating places which attract terrorists(D)Detecting drugs and water contamination解题思路：文章从警察和食品检验员的角度列举了人工鼻的儿项功能，A)意为“监测食品加工”，文不对题，因为文章中只讲了食品污染。B)的内容完全不相干。C)意为“确定能吸引恐怖分子的地方”，命题者在这里偷梁换柱，因为文中说的是“用于吸引恐怖分

19、子的地方:D)正确，选取了列举项中的两点。*Except 题型该题型要求考生通过核对文章内容，排队满足文章内容的三个选项，而留下“不”符合文章的“错误”选项作为答案，通常称为“三缺一”题型或Except题型。如：例 3Ancient fossil beds,Revolutionary War battle fields,magnificent mountainranges,and monuments to heroic men and women who molded this country are all apart of our National Park System(NPS).The

20、 care and preservation for futuregenerations of these special places is entrusted to the NPS.Uniformed Rangers.Themost visible representatives of the Service,not only offer park visitors a friendlywave,a helpful answer,or a thought-provoking history lesson,but also are skilledrescuers,firefighters,a

21、nd dedicated resource protection professionals.The NationalPark Service ranks also include architects,historians,archaeologists,biologists,anda host of other experts who pre-serve and protect everything from GeorgeWashingtons teeth to Thomas Edisons wax recordings.Q:The National Park Service does al

22、l of the following E X C E P T.(A)offering help to visitors(B)molding the Nation(C)Keeping people better informed of the National Park System(D)Helping preserve the cultural heritage解题思路：选 项 A)、C)、D)都是文章中提到过的服务内容，B)虽然也在文中出现，但是仔细看就会发现molded this country是由heroic men and women发出的动作，而 非 National Park Sy

23、stem提供的服，所以B)是正确答案。(二)转折处与强对比处常考转 折 般 指 由however,but,yet,in fact等词引导的短语或句子，这些词前面往往是铺垫、介绍等信息，后面常常是语义的重点，是作者真正感兴趣的焦点信息，是重要的命题点。例4Many people believe the glare from snow cause snow-blindness,Yet,darkglasses or not,they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes,and even snow-blindness,w

24、hen exposed to several hours of“snow light”.Q:To prevent headaches,watering eyes and blindness caused by the glare fromsnow,dark glasses are.(A)indispensable(B)useful(C)ineffective(D)available转折词后面的信息非常重要，往往就是答案所在。Yet后面谈到不管用不用墨镜，人们都会头疼，流泪等，说明墨镜没什么效果，因此C)是正确选项。强对比常由unlike,until,however,but等引导。命题模式如下：

25、文章中说A具有X属性，B与A不同。问题是B有何属性?答案为非X属性。参见常规命题思路节“反着考”。(三)例子常考由as,such as,for example,for instance等引导的短语或句子通常是举例，例子一般是和文章或段落中心思想紧密相关。体现了“中心思想是解”这一原则。参见解的特征节“中心思想是解”。例5“Womens language”shows up in all level of English.For example,women areencouraged and allowed to make far more precise discriminations in n

26、aming colorsthan men do.Words like mauve,beige,and so on,are unremarkable in a womansactive vocabulary,but largely absent from that of most men.Q:Women can make far more precise discriminations in naming colors than men dob e c a u s e.(A)women are mole intelligent than men(B)women see a wider range

27、 of color than inert do(C)women are encouraged and supposed to pay more attention to finediscriminations of names than men do(D)women intentionally learn more of this kind of knowledge to show they areequal to men in intelligence解题思路：选择项A)、B)、D)都是对文章意思的胡谄，尤 其B)把原文中谈论的色彩的词汇偷换成了色彩本身，只 有C)符合文义，其内容就是For

28、 example后面内容的改写。(四)数字与年代常考文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是命题者的命题点。参见数字题型。(五)最高级及绝对性词汇常考must,all,only,anyone,always,never 等意义绝对的词或 first,most beautiful等最高级往往是考题要点，一般出 现 在“细节性问题”中。为什么可能是考点呢？因为它们都有一个共同特点：概念绝对，答案惟一，无论是命题还是答题,不会产生歧义和疑问，因此容易命题，答案不会模棱两可。相反，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇，就难有惟一的答案。请大家琢磨这个例题;Some of the peoplechose red hats,s

29、ome chose green hats,and others blue ones.问题：What color hatsdid some people prefer?因为其中some为相对,概念，所以就难有惟一正确的答案,答案就可能用red,green或blue,这样评卷也难免没有困难。大家体会一下，其实命题也受诸多限制，要按照一个固定套路进行。例6When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some otherway does not live up to the manufacturers clai

30、m for it,the first step is to presentthe warranty(保单)，or any other records which might help,at the store ofpurchase.Q:When a consumer finds that his purchase has fault in it,the first thing he shoulddo is to.(A)complain personally to the manager(B)threaten to take the matter to court(C)write a firm

31、letter of complaint to the store of purchase(D)show some written proof of the purchase to the store例7Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly,andespecially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item inquestion.If this cannot be done,the consumer wi

32、ll succeed best by presentingspecific information as to what is wrong,rather than by making general statement.Q:The most effective complaint can be made by.(A)showing the faulty item to the manufacturer(B)explaining exactly what is wrong with the item(C)saying firmly that the item is of poor quality

33、(D)asking politely to change the item例8Policymakers and industry have four options：reduce vehicle use,increase theefficiency and reduce the emissions of conventional gasoline-powered vehicles,switch to less harmful fuels,or find less polluting driving systems.The last ofthese-in particular the intro

34、duction of vehicles powered by electricity-isultimately the only sustainable option.Q:Which of the following is the best solution to the problems mentioned in thepassage?(A)The designing of highly efficient car engines.(B)A reduction of vehicle use in cities.(C)The development of electric cars(D)The

35、 use of less polluting fuels解题思路：以上三例中原文都出现了最高级或概念绝对的词语，如 例6中the first step,例 7 中 the most effective,例 8 中 ultimately the only sustainableoption命题会根据这些词语稍做改变，如在题干中将例6最为the first thing;将例8改为the best solutiono对照问题和原文中出现这些词语的句子，就可以肯定地找出三个答案分别是D)、B)和C)。(六)专有名词常考包括人名、地名、或其他的专有名词。阅读文章前，先扫视一下文章后面问题中是否有专有名词

36、，这样在阅读时才能有的放矢。例9No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation.“Is this what you intended to accomplish with our“careers?”Senator Robert Doleasked Time Warner executives last week.You have sold your souls,but must youcorrupt our nation and threaten our children as we

37、ll?Q:Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for.(A)its raising the corporate stock price(B)its soft-examination of soul(C)its neglect of social responsibility(D)its emphasis on creative freedom解题思路：根据题干中的专有名词，我们很快便可在文中搜索到相关信息。C)符合题义，原文中的 corrupt our nation and threaten our children 就是 neglect of

38、social responsibility 的同 义语。七)隐蔽处常考隐蔽处顾名思义，即是指句子中隐蔽之处、容易忽视之处，包括：*同位语*插入语*定语*长句后半句*从句*副词*不定式例 10A contrast is often made between business which is competitive,andgovernment,which is a monopoly.Q:Government is believed to differ strikingly from business in that government ischaracterized by.(A)its rol

39、e in protecting basic American values(B)its absolute control of power(C)its democratic way of exercising leadership(D)its function in preserving personal freedom解题思路：此题解就在隐蔽的定语从句which is a monopoly中，正确答案B)就是它的改写。例 11But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content,while at the sametime stand

40、ing out above the rest,than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfreyshows.Q:Compared with other TV talk shows,both the Jerry Springer and the OprahWinfrey are.(A)more family-oriented(B)unusually popular(C)mole profound(D)relatively formal解题思路：W hile引导的是插入语，修 饰 two shows,符合题干中的both,standing out above

41、 the lest 则等同于选项 unusually popular,故 B)是正确答案。(八)因果句常考句中亨有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：*表示 因果的连词：because,since,for,as,therefore,so,consequently 等；*表示因果的动词：cause,result in,originate from 等。*表示因果的名词：base,basis,result,consequence 等。这些都可指明因果关系，尤为命题者所青睐，因为可以命题考查文中两个事件的因果关系，一般属于“推断性问题:例 12Because people become adapted to

42、 the type of sounds coming fromprogramming,a dramatic change in sound quality draws viewer attention.Forexample,notice how many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some type.Q:Many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some kind b e c a u s e.(A)pop songs attract viewer attention(B)it Can

43、increase their loudness(C)advertisers want to make them sound different from regular programs(D)advertisers want to merge music with commercial解题思路：A)意 为“流行歌曲吸引观众的注意力”，这是干扰项，因为原文中根本没提流行音乐。B)意 为“它能增加它们的音量，这显然荒谬：愉快的歌怎能增加广告的音量?D)意为“广告商想让音乐同广告相结合 这听起来也许有道理，但文章中根本没这样说。C)意为“广告商想让它们听起来跟普通节目不一样”，我们只要仔细分析原文就

44、可知道：For example前后存在因果关系，而且 a dramatic change in sound quality 同 sound different from regularprograms的意思相同，故C)为正确答案。例 13Over the past fifteen years,information technology has become an essential partof the managerial vocabulary for a great many businesses.Today,however,telecommunications are rapidly

45、becoming as important as the computer industry.This call be attributed to the liberalization of world market.Q:Rapid development in advance communications has resulted f r om.(A)liberalization of world market(B)implementation of new strategies(C)identification of potential markets(D)connection of bu

46、siness operations解题思路：文中的attribute to意为“归因于”，多用被动式，其前为结果，其后为原因;题干中的result from意为“由产生”，多用主动式，也是结果置于其前，原因置于其后。故 A)是正确答案。(九)段落主题句常考段落的第一句和最后一句均是十分重要的地方，二者往往是表达中心思想的主题句。有时前者是主题句，后者是主题总结句，因此常出主题性问题、细节性问题和结构性问题。例 14Crimes has its won cycles,a magazine reported some years ago.Police recordsthat were studie

47、d for five years from over 2,400 cities and towns show a surprisinglink between changes in the season and time patterns.Q:A good title for this passage would be.(A)A Time for Murder(B)Summer Crimes(C)Crime Cycles throughout the Year(D)Intellectual Seasonal Cycles解题思路：这是一道主旨题。段落的首句就概括了全文主题，所 以C)正确,其余

48、选项都不全面。(十)特殊标点常考一些标点符号同篇章结构或句际关系有密切关系，常是考点。*破折号：表示解释，考细节性问题；*括号：表示解释，考细节性问题；*冒号：表示解释，考细节性问题；*引号：表示引用，考细节性问题。例15Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiationthan 0.1 rem without being damaged,and the figure of 60 rems has been agreed on.The trouble is that it is extrem

49、ely difficult to be sure about radiation damage-aperson may feel perfectly well,but the cells of his or her sex organs may bedamaged,and this will not be discovered until the birth of deformed children or evengrandchildren.Q:We know from the passage t hat.(A)exposure to even tiny amounts of radiatio

50、n is fatal(B)the effect of exposure to radiation is slow in coming(C)radiation is avoidable in space exploration(D)people neednt worry about any radiation damage解题思路：A)和D)过于绝对，走两个极端;C)是胡乱推理。根据破折号后面的内容,B)是正确答案。在此还要提醒考生，常识可以帮助我们接受或拒绝一些选择项。比如这道题就是这样，般人都了解微量辐射不会致命，但长期辐射会导致慢性病。但是千万不要想当然的根据常识答题，还得根据文章判断。请