欧洲文化入门-PPT.ppt

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1、European Culture:An IntroductionTextbookEuropean Culture:An Introduction 欧洲文化入门主编：王佐良 祝珏 李品伟 高厚堃外语教学与研究出版社Contents1.Greek Culture and Roman Culture2.The Bible and Christianity3.The Middle Ages4.Renaissance and Reformation5.The Seventeenth Century6.The Age of Enlightenment7.Romanticism8.Marxism and D

2、arwinism9.Realism10.Modernism and Other Trends11.Review for Final TestchronologicalTerm ScheduleNo.of Classes/Week 2No.of Weeks 18Total No.of Classes 36Assessmentl Final Scorel Coursework 20%l Final Test 80%Introductionl Uses of the Subjectl Language cannot be learned without the knowledge of the cu

3、lture behind it.l Necessary to the citizens of the world.l Two Major Elements in European Culturel Greco-Roman elementl Judeo-Christian element Division 1Greek Culture&Roman CultureGreek Culturel The Historical Context1200 B.C.War between Greece and Troy5th century B.C.Greek culture reached a high p

4、oint-Failure of Persian invasion-Establishment of democracy and flourishing of S.P.L.A.&HWCivil war between Athens and Sparta 4th century B.C.All Greece ruled by Alexander,King of Macedon 146 B.C.Romans conquered Greece Greek Culturel Social and Political Structurel Athens was a“democracy”.l The eco

5、nomy rested on an immense amount of slave labour.l The Greeks loved sports.l Olympic Gamesl The worlds foremost amateur sports competition(1896)Greek Culturel Homer 700B.C.Author of ancient Greeks epics(1200-1100 B.C.)l The Iliad Trojan War Greek:Agamemnon,Achilles,Odysseus Trojan:Hectorl The Odysse

6、y Return of Odysseus after the Trojan War to his home island of Ithaca.Greek CultureGreek Culturel Lyric Poetryl Sappho(612-580 B.C.)woman poet-The most important lyric poet of ancient Greece-Noted for love poems of passionate intensityl Pindar(518-438 B.C.)Best known for odes celebrating the victor

7、ies at the athletic games.(the 14 Olympian odes)Greek Culturel Drama-Developed in the 5th century B.C.-Performed in open-air theatres,actors wore masksWriter Works Tragedy/ComedyCharacteristics Noted forAeschylus(525-456 B.C.)Prometheus Bound,Persians,AgamemnonTragedy Only two actors and a chorus;Wr

8、itten in verseVivid character portrayal and majestic poetrySophocles(496-406 B.C.)Oedipus the King,Electra,AntigoneTragedy Add a third actor and decrease the size of the chorus.Strong impact on European literature.Some plots adopted by later writers.“the Oedipus complex”Euripides(484-406 B.C.)Androm

9、ache,Medea,Trojan WomenTragedy Mainly about women;more of a realist;characters less heroic,more like ordinary people.The first writer of“problem plays”Aristophanes(450-380 B.C.)Frogs,Clouds,Wasps,BirdsComedy Loose in plot,satirical in tone,full of clever parody and acute criticism.Contemporary event

10、s and direct attacks on well-known people of the dayGreek Culturel Historyl Herodotus(484-430 B.C.)l Father of Historyl Wrote wars between Greeks and Persiansl Full of anecdotes,digressions,and lively dialoguel Thucydides(460-404 B.C.)l More accurate as an historianl Wrote wars between Athens and Sp

11、arta,between Athens and Syracusel Trace events to causes and bring out the effectsGreek CulturePhilosopher IdeasPythagoras(580-500 B.C.)Founder of scientific mathematicsAll things are numbers.Heracleitus(540-480 B.C.)Fire is the primary element of the universe.Everything else has arisen out of it.Al

12、l is flux,nothing is stationery.The strife between the opposites produce the harmony.Democritus(460-370 B.C.)One of earliest philosophical materialistsSpeculate about the atomic structure of matter.“For all men good and truth are the same,but pleasure is different for different men.It is repentance

13、for what has been shamefully done that sets life right.He who does wrong is more unfortunate than he who is wrong.It is right,since we are human,that we should not laugh at human misfortunes but lament them.”l Philosophy and ScienceGreek Culturel Greatest Names in European Philosophyl Socrates(470-3

14、99 B.C.)l Teacher of Platol The dialectical method of argumentl Put on trial on a charge of“injuring the city”l Condemned to deathGreek Culturel Greatest Names in European Philosophyl Plato(428-348 B.C.)l Student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotlel Wrote famous Dialogues to record Socratesl Ideali

15、sm Only“ideas”like beauty,truth,goodness are completely real The physical world is only relatively reall Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thoughtGreek Culturel Greatest Names in European Philosophyl Aristotle(384-322 B.C.)l Platos pupill The great humanist and the great man of science

16、meet Wrote epoch-making works on logic,moral philosophy,politics,metaphysics,psychology,physics,zoology,poetry,rhetoric.Did much to form the philosophical,scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire culture.l Works that are still important now Ethics,Politics,Poetics,Rhetoricl Differ from his t

17、eacher in many ways Emphasize direct observation of nature,theory should follow fact;Plato relied on subjective thinking.Idea and matter made up concrete individual realities;Plato held ideas had a higher reality than the physical world.l Mans aim in life is happinessGreek CultureSchools Philosopher

18、 IdeasSophists Protagoras(500 B.C.)Man is the measure of all things.Cynics Diogenes(412-323 B.C.)He decided to live like a dog and the word“cynic”means“dog”in Greek.Reject all conventions,advocate self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.Sceptics Pyrrhon(360-272 B.C.)Not all knowledge was att

19、ainable.Epicureans Epicurus(341-270 B.C.)materialistPleasure is the highest good in life;not sensual enjoyment,but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval;could be attained by the practice of virtue.Stoics Zeno(335-263 B.C.)materialistOpposed to the Epicureans.The most important thing in life is no

20、t pleasure but duty.One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.Virtue is the sole good in the life of a man.If he has to die,he should die nobly.l Contending Schools of ThoughtGreek Culturel ScienceDemocritus Put forward the first atomic theory.Plato A mathematician.Archimedes Did import

21、ant work not only in geometry,but also in arithmetic,mechanics,and hydrostatics.Mathematics,the purest of sciences,was applied in acoustics,optics,geography,Statics and astronomy.Aristotle Contributed to Zoology,started methodical research,laid massive foundations for modern science.Euclid Well-know

22、n for his Elements,a textbook of geometry and in use until the early years of the 20th century.Greek scientists deduce theories and build up systems.Greek Culturel Art,Architecture,Sculpture and Potteryl Art Greek art is a visual proof of Greek civilization.l Architecturel the Doric style(masculine

23、style):sturdy,powerful,severelooking and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers,monotonous and unadorned.l the Ionic style(feminine style):graceful and elegant,shows a wealth of ornament.l the Corinthian style:ornamental luxury.l Famous temples:the Acrpolis at Athens(437-432 B.C.);the Parth

24、enon(447-432 B.C.).Greek Culturel Art,Architecture,Sculpture and Potteryl SculptureThe earliest Gods,stiff,lifeless wood carving;7th century B.C.Size became bigger and life-size,stand stiff;5th century B.C.Beauty of the internal structure of human bodies and mythological figures.Greek Culturel Art,A

25、rchitecture,Sculpture and Potteryl Discus Thrower-relaxation and contraction of the muscle-sense of body movement-good sense of harmony and the balance of oppositesGreek Culturel Art,Architecture,Sculpture and Potteryl Venus de Milo-the most famous-broken arms-symbol of beauty,grace and health,a per

26、sonification of vitality and dignity.Greek Culturel Art,Architecture,Sculpture and Potteryl Laocoon group about 125 B.C.-a priest of Troy-he was suffered a slow death and killed by serpents with his sons for he warned the Trojans against Greek attack-the expression of Laocoons face-fear,sympathy and

27、 terrorGreek Culturel Art,Architecture,Sculpture and Potteryl Potteryl a result of domestic needs and needs for foreign tradel Varying shapes(jars,utensils)l Beautiful paintings(everyday scenes,animals,figures in Iliad and Odyssey)l Vases from Attical Black-figure paintings&Red-figure paintings Gree

28、k Culturel Impact played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countriesl Spirit of Innovation-invented mathematics,science and philosophy-first write history-speculate the nature of the worldl Supreme Achievement philosophy,science,epic poetry,tragedy,comedy,lyric poetry,histo

29、rical writing,architecture,sculpture,etc.l Lasting Effect-the bold effort they made to understand the world had an enduring effect on later generations;-in literature,countless writers quoted,adapted,borrowed;-Byrons Isles of Greece-Shelleys Hellas and Prometheus Unbound-Keatss Ode on a Grecian UrnR

30、oman Culturel Romans and Greeks-Burning of Corinth(146 B.C.)marked Roman conquest of Greece.-Greece was a province of the Roman Empire.-The language of western Roman Empire was Latin,the eastern was Greek.Common DifferenceRoman-Both traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly,hostile to mo

31、narchy and to servility.-Religions were alike.-Languages worked in similar ways,members of the Indo-European language.Built a vast empire.GreekDidnt build a vast empire.Roman Culturel Roman Historyl Before the year 27 B.C.,a republicl Two centuries later after 27 B.C.,the Roman Empire reached the gr

32、eatest extent.l Pax Romana(the Romans enjoyed a 200 years peace)l Roman law(the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries)l In the 3rd century,the empire decline(inroads of northern tribes)l In the 4th century,move capital from Rome to Byzantium(renamed Constantinople)l After

33、 395,the empire was divided into East(the Byzantine Empire)and Westl In 476,the end of the West Roman Empirel In 1453,the East Roman Empire collapsedRoman Culturel Latin LiteratureThe writings in Latin showed great originality,besides beingprofound,powerful and beautiful.l Prosel Marcus Tullius Cice

34、ro(106-43 B.C.)-Played an important role in the Roman senate.-His eloquent,oratorical manner of writing,described as Ciceronian,had an enormous influence on the development of European prose.l Julius Caesar(102/100-44 B.C.)-A successful general and the dictator in Rome.-Commentaries,models of succin

35、ct Latin,use language with economy and ferocity.Roman Culturel Latin Literaturel Poetryl Lucretius(93-50 B.C.)Wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.l Virgil(70-19 B.C.)-The greatest of Latin poets-Wrote the great epic,the Aeneid.(Aene

36、as,a truly tragic hero)Roman Culturel Architecture,Painting and Sculpturel Architecture Romans were great engineers.l The Pantheon-The greatest and the best preserved Roman temple.-It is in a round,domed form,has the worlds first vast interior space.Roman Culturel Architecture,Painting and Sculpture

37、l Architecturel Pont du Gard An exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct that spans a wide valley in southern France.Roman Culturel Architecture,Painting and Sculpturel Architecturel The Colosseum An enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome,a masterpiece of engineering,holding 5000 spectators,

38、with interior 2/3 of a mile round.Roman Culturel Architecture,Painting and Sculpturel Painting-strongly influenced by the art of Greece-wall-paintings in every house in Pompeii,the Lady Musician and Young Girl,the Maiden Gathering Flowers,the Landscape.Roman Culturel Architecture,Painting and Sculpt

39、urel Sculpture glorify the rule of the emperors and events of the Roman Empirel Constantine the Great head of the first Christian emperorRoman Culturel Architecture,Painting and Sculpturel Sculpturel Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem(81 A.D.)records of triumphant procession celebrating the Roman conquest of Judaea in A.D.70.Roman Culturel Architecture,Painting and Sculpturel Sculpturel She-wolf a statue illustrating the legend of creation of Rome