2022-2023年年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析.pdf

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1、2022年-2023年最新2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blankandmarkA,B,C,orDon the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Even if families dont sit down to eat together as frequently as before,millions ofBritons will nonetheless hav

2、e got a share this weekend of one of that nation sgreattraditionsrthe Sunday roast.1 a cold winters day,few culinary pleasures can2 it.Yet as we report now.The food police are determined our health.That this 3_should be rendered yetanother quality pleasure 4 _ to damage our health.The Food Standards

3、 Authority(FSA)has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide thatforms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures.This means that people should7 crisping their roast potatoes,reject thin-crust pizzas and only_ 8 toast theirbread.But where is the evidence to support such alarmi

4、st advice?9 studies haveshown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice,there is no 10evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11_to cause cancer but have no hard scientificproof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to followthe F

5、SA advice.14_,it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years beforethe evidence was found to prove a 1 5.2022年-2023年最新Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside somesteamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.But would life beworth living?17_,the

6、FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods1 8,but reduce their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as beingpushy and overprotective.Constant health scaresjust 20 with one listening.l.AIn BTowards COn DTill2.A match Bexpress Csatisfy Dinfluence:3.ApatienceBenjoyment Csur

7、prise Dconcern4.Aintensified Bprivileged Ccompelled Dguaranteed5.Aisued Breceived Ccompelled D guaranteed6.Aunder Bat Cfor Dby7.Aforget Bregret Cfinish Davoid8.Apartially Bregular Ceasily Dintally9.AUnless BSince CIf D While10.Asecondary B extern a I Cconclusive Dnegativel l .Ainsufficient Bbound Cl

8、ikely D slow12.AOn the basis of BAt the cost of CIn addition to DIn contrast to13.Ainteresting Badvisable Curgent Dfortunate14.AAs usual BIn particular CBy definition DAfter all15.Aresemblance Bcombination Cconnection Dpatterm16.Amade Bserved Csaved Dused17.ATo be fair BFor instance CTo be brief DIn

9、 general18.Areluctantly Bentirely Cgradually Dcarefully2022年-2023年最新19.Apromise Bexperience Ccampaign Dcompetition20.Afollow up Bpick up Copen up Dend up.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing A,B,C,orD.Mark your

10、 answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs,among them Yvette Cooper,are bringing in the new year witha call to institute a UK town of cultureaward.The proposal is that it should sitalongside the existing city of culture title,which was held by Hull in 2022 and has beenawarde

11、d to Coventry for zozl.Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success ofthe crown for Hull,where it brought in 220m of investment and an avalanche ofarts,out not to be confined to cities.Britain town,it is true are not prevented fromapplying,but they generally lack the resources to put together a

12、bit to beat theirbigger competitions.A town of culture award could,it is argued,become an annualevent,attracting funding and creating jobs.Some lmight see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is nolongerbe able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of c

13、ulturessough after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2022.A cynic mightspeculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever ofself-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world:after2022年-2023年最新town of culture,who knows that will f

14、ollow-village of culture?Suburb of culture?Hamlet of culture?It is also wise Io recall that such titles are not a cure-all.A badly run year ofculturewashes in and out ofa place like the tide,bringing prominence for a spell butleaving no lasting benefits to the community.The really successful holders

15、 of suchtitles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in highprofile arts events and good press for a year.They transform the aspirations of thepeople who live there;they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and moreoptimistic light.lt is hard to get right,a

16、nd requires a remarkable degree of vision,aswell as cooperation between city authorities,the private sector,community.groupsand cultural organisations.But it can be done:Glasgows year as European capital ofculture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turnedthecity into

17、 the power of art,music and theatre that it remains today.A ntown of culture could be not just about the arts but about honouring a townspeculiarities-helping sustain its high street,supporting local facilities and above allcelebrating its people and turn it into action.21.Cooper and her colleagues

18、argue that a town of culture award couldA consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.B promote cooperation among Britains towns.C increase the economic strength of Britains towns.D focus Britains limited resources on cultural events.22.According to Paragraph 2,the proposal might be regarded by some a

19、sAa sensible compromise.2022年-2023年最新Ba self-deceiving attempt.Can eye catching bonusDan inaccessible target.23.The author suggests that a title holder is successful onlyif itAendeavours to maintain its image.Bmeets the aspirations of its people.Cbrings its local arts to prominence.Dcommits to its l

20、ong-term growth.24.Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to presentAa contrasting case.(Ba supporting example.Ca background story.Da related topic.25.What is the authors attitude towards the proposal?ASkeptical.BObjective.CFavourable.DCritical.2022年-2023年最新Text 2Scientific publishing has long been a l

21、icence to print money.Scientists needjoumalsin which to publish their research,so they will supply the articles without monetaryreward.Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also forfree,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production ofscientifi

22、c knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only find a marketforits journal.Until this century,university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientificpublishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40%on their operations,at atime when the rest of the pub

23、lishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish 25%of the scientific papersproduced in the world,made profits of more than f900m last year,while UKuniversities alone spent more than f210m in 2022 to enable researchers to accesstheir own publicly funded r

24、esearch;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despiteincreasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic,and thoroughlyillegal,reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind of global photocopierforscientific papers,set up in 2022,which now claims to offer access to every paywalledarti

25、cle published since 2O22.The success of Sci-Hub,which relies on researcherspassing on copies they have themselves legally accessed,shows the legal ecosystemhas lost legitimacy among is users and must be transformed so that it works for allparticipants.In Britain the move towards open access publishi

26、ng has been driven by fundingbodies.In some ways it has been very successful.More than half of all Brtishscientific2022年-2023年最新research is now published under open access terms:either freely available fromthemoment of publication,or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers canmake a prof

27、it before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishershave responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers bycharging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article.These rangefromaround 500 to S

28、5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both ofsubscriptions and of these article preparation costs had been steadily rising at a rateabove inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economyof the social internetlabour is provided free in exchange for the hope o

29、f status,whilehuge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,weneed a rebalancing of power.26.Scientific publishing is seen as a licence to print money partly becauseAits funding has enjoyed a steady increase.Bits marketing strategy has been successful.Cits payment

30、for peer review is reduced.Dits content acquisition costs nothing.27.According to Paragraphs 2 and 3,scientific publishers Elsevier haveAthrived mainly on university libraries.Bgone through an existential crisis.Crevived the publishing industry.Dfinanced researchers generously.28.How does the author

31、 feel about the success of Sci-Hub?2022年-2023年最新A Relieved.BPuzzled.CConcermed.DEncouraged.29.It can be learmned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access termsAallow publishers some room to make money.Brender publishing much easier for scientists.Creduce the cost of publication subtantiallyDfree uni

32、versities from financial burdens.30.Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model?ATrial subscription is offered.BLabour triumphs over status.CCosts are well controlled.DThe few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a

33、way to levelthe playing field.But all too often such policies are an insincere form ofvirtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to helpaveragepeople.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and HouseSpeaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad,to ensu

34、re“gender parityon boards and2022年-2023年最新commissions,provide a case in commissions will be required to set aside 50 percentof board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California,which last yearbecame the irst state to require gender quotas for private com

35、panies.In signingthemeasure,California Govermor Jery Brown admitted that the law,which expresslyclassifies people on the basis of sex,is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they aredesignedto address an important“policy interest,Because the Calif

36、ornia law applies to allboards,ever where there is no history of prior discrimination,courts are likely to rulethat the law violates the constitutional guarantee of“equal protection.But are such government mandates even necessary?Female participation oncorporate boards may not currently mirror the p

37、ercentage of women.in thegeneralpopulation,but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing withoutgovenment interference.According to a study by Catalyst,between 2022 and 2022theshare of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring com

38、panies to make gender the primary qualification for boardmembership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards.That isexactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic,Alice Lee notes that increasing the number ofopportuniti

39、es for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified womento serve on such boards has led to a golden skirtphenomenon.where the same elitewomen scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.2022年-2023年最新Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote genderequity,remember

40、 that such policies are largely self-serving measures that maketheirsponsors feel good but do little to help average women.31.The author believes hat the bills sponsored by Lewis and HaddadwillA help Ittle to reduce gender bias.B pose a threat to the state government.C raise womens position in polit

41、ics.D greatly broaden career options.32.Which of the following is true of the Califomnia measure?A It has irritated private business owners.B It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.CIt may go against the Constitution.D It will setle the prior controversies.33.The author mentions the study by Catalyst t

42、o illustrateA the harm from arbitrary board decision.B the importance of constitutional guarantees.C the pressure on women in global corporations.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.Norways adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led toA the underestimation of elite womens

43、role.B the objection to female participation on bards.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.D the growing tension between Labor and management.2022年-2023年最新35.Which of the following can be inferred from the text?IAI Womens need in employment should be consideredB Feasibility should be

44、 a prime concern in policymaking.C Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.D Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text 4Last Thursday,the French Senate passed a digital services tax,which would imposeanentirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital service

45、s to consumers orusers in France.Digital services include everything from providing a platform forselling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data and thetax applies to gross revenue from such services.Many French politicians and mediaoutlets have referred to this as a G

46、AFA tax,meaning that it is designed to applyprimarily to companies such as Google,Apple,Facebook and Amazon-in otherwords,mutinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron,whohas expressed support for the measure,and

47、 it could go into effect within the next fewweeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy,with the Unite States traderepresentative opening a investigation into whether the tax discriminates againstAmerican companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French ta

48、x is not just a unilateral move by one country in need ofrevenue.Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend,with countries2022年-2023年最新over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of newinternational tax provisions.These have included Britains DPT(diver

49、ted profits tax),Australias MAAL(multinational antiavoidance law),and Indias SEP(significanteconomic presence)test,to.name but a few.At the same time,the EuropeanUnion,Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplateddigital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ

50、 in their specifics,but they are all designed to taxmultinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a rightto tax,even if intermnational tax rules do not grant them that right.In otherwords,they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep upwith