初中英语阅读理解专项讲解.docx
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1、初中英语阅读理解专项讲解一.阅读理解概述阅读是语言学习的主要目的之一。阅读理解题已经成为全面评估学生英语水平的重要测试题型,在中考英语试卷中 所占比重也比较大,它不仅考查学生综合运用英语语言知识 的能力,而且考查学生阅读的速度及理解能力。(-)(2011版)英语课程标准五级阅读要求(初中 毕业要求)1、能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义;2、能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系;3、能找出文章中的主题,理解故事的情节,预测故事情 节的发展和可能的结局;4、能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料;5、能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息;6、能利用字典等工具书进行学习;7、除教材外,课外阅读量应累
2、计达到15万词以上。综合语言运用能力目标:能读懂供79年级学习阅读的 简单读物和报刊、杂志,克服生词障碍,理解大意。能根据 阅读目的运用适当的阅读策略。(二)从近几年初中升学考试试卷来看,阅读理解考题的类型大致可分为三种:(2 )作者态度只分三类(1)支持,赞同,乐观(2 )客 观,中立(3)反对,批评,怀疑,悲观。除此之外没有其 他作者态度。有些选项一定不是答案indifferent,subjective(主观),biased,pazzling 等(3)识别作者态度有以下方法;(1)依据中心句推论(2)当作者态度未明确提出时,要找文章中带有褒贬意义 的词(3)根据所举例子的正负来判断,只提一
3、方,则不中 立;两方均提,不管例子有多少,是否平衡,都中立。8、题型八判断正误(1)标志:which is (not) true(2)思路:(1)首先判断3对1错还是3错1对,所 谓对是符合原文,所谓错是和原文有矛盾或没提到(2 )每 一选项都应返回原文,不要凭印象做题。(3 )文章的如下地点容易出现考点(1)转折处(2 )最 高级后面(3 )带有褒贬义的句子(4 )虚拟语气的句子(5 ) 长难句9、题型九主旨题(1)标志:best title,main idea,main problem,conclusion。(2)整体思路:利用宏观阅读思路去解题,不管此类题 出现在文章什么位置,都作为最后
4、一题解(3)方法:(1)串线法,适用于各段中心明确时(2 ) 快速作文法,依据选项快速作文并与原文核对。(4)注意事项:(1)要着重理解首末段,首末句(2 ) 若主旨在文章中间出现或前后段意转折时,应提高警惕(3 ) 若段中出现转折时,该转折句很可能就是主题句(4 )作者 有意识重复的观点往往是主旨(5 )首段出现疑问句时,对 该疑问的解答就是主旨(6 )主旨出现时常伴有如下词: but,however,therefore,in short(5)选项特点:(1)正确选项一般不含细节信息,并 不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词(2 )错误选项的特点是就事 论事,或细节信息鲜明,或过于笼统。(三)微观阅读
5、方法微观阅读之一标点的运用句号用来分割句子,即以句子为单位把长段分割成部分, 便于各个击破。逗号:两个逗号之间或一个逗号之后如果是补充说明成分 时可跳过不看。冒号:前后是从抽象到具体的过程,如把冒号前的看懂, 则后面的不看。分号:分号前后是并列关系,只看其中一句即可。破折号:破折号之后是补充说明成分时跳过不读。引号:引号有三个作用,引语,反语,强调。知道观点则 引语不看,反语反看。括号:括号有两个作用,补充说明,解释说明生词。 微观阅读之二长难句的解析(1)从句又多又长,一主带多从。应对方法:先抓主干, 找出长难句中最核心的主谓宾,再层层扩展,理解。(2)主句或从句中带有长长的插入成分。应对方
6、法:读 句子时先找主干,不要理会插入语。如果插入语交代说话人 身份或某话是谁说的,或修饰、解释、补充前面所言,跳过 不看。(3)分词状语或独立主格的干扰。应对方法:主句最重 要的特征是有完整的主谓宾结构,有独立的谓语。一个看似 句子的结构,如果没有独立的谓语,那它不是句子,而是分 词状语或独立主格。(4)有时上面三种情况混合。应对方法:从前向后,先 找独立的谓语部分,从而区分出主语和分词状语,再根据从 句的连词(because,as,when )区分出主句和从句,然后层 层扩展理解,插入语在哪个层次就放在哪个层次理解,甚至 跳过不看。(5 )从语法上看常见长难句语法结构:形式主语或宾语, 强调
7、结构,非限制性定语从句,同位语从句,倒装结构,虚 拟语气省略句。(四)学术文章常见行文模式1 .并列型在文章的开始提出两个核心概念,随后分段论述之;这种 文章的关键是这两个概念的含义和他们的联系。这种文章的 主旨题(本文的主旨是什么)选项若只涉及其中一朵则必错。2 .层层递进型文章的几个段落是从抽象到具体、从简单到复杂的过程, 且各段开始都出现了递进词,这种文章的中心思想必然出现 在层层递进的最后一段。3 .抛砖引玉型文章第一段通过噱头或例子或反面观点,引出文章的讨论 内容,而真正的中心出现在第一段之后的转折处。4 .问题回答型文章的第一段提出一个问题,随后各段中提供该问题的答 案。文章的中心
8、思想就是该问题的直接答案。5 .独句段当文章的开始或结尾出现一个独句成段的现象时,该独句 段的意思就是中心思想。英语作文写作中使用率最高,覆盖面最广的基本句式1 .表小原因1 ) There are three reasons for this .2 ) The reasons for this are as follows .3 ) The reason for this is obvious .4 ) The reason for this is not far to seek .5 ) The reason for this is that .6 ) We have good reaso
9、n to believe that .例如:There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life . Firstly , people7 s living standard has been greatly improved . Secondly , most people are well paid , and they can afford what they need or like .Last but not least ,more and more people prefer to enjo
10、y modern life .注:如考生写第一个句子没有把握,可将其改写成两个句 子。如:Great changes have taken place in our life . There are three reasons for this .这样写可以避免 套用中的表达失误。7 .表示好处1 ) It has the following advantages .2 ) It does us a lot of good .3 ) It benefits us quite a lot .4 ) It is beneficial to us .5 ) It is of great benefi
11、t to us .例如:Books are like friends .They can help us know the world better, and they can open our minds and widen our horizons . Therefore , reading extensively is of great benefit to us .3.表示坏处1) It has more disadvantages than advantages .2 ) It does us much harm .3 ) It is harmful to us .例如:Howeve
12、r, everything divides intotwo . Television can also be harmful to us . It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television .4 .表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1 )It is important ( necessary , difficult, convenient , possible ) for sb . to do sth .2 ) We think it necessary to
13、do sth .3 ) It plays an important role in our life .例如:Computers are now being used everywhere , whether in the government , in schools or in business . Soon , computers will be found in every home , too . We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our li
14、fe and we have stepped into the Computer Age .5.表示措施1 ) We should take some effective measures .2 ) We should try our best to overcome ( conquer) the difficulties .3 ) We should do our utmost in doing sth .4 ) We should solve the problems that we are confronted ( faced ) with .例如:The housing problem
15、 that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious . Therefore , we must take some effective measures to solve it .6 .表示变化1 ) Some changes have taken place in the past five years .2 ) A great change will certainly be produced in the world7 s communications .3 ) The computer has brought a
16、bout many changes in education .例如:Some changes have taken place in people7 s diet in the past five years . The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek . Nowadays , more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein , and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins .7 .表
17、示事实、现状1) We cannot ignore the fact that .2 ) No one can deny the fact that .3 ) There is no denying the fact that .4 ) This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in .5 ) However, that s not the case .例如: We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollut
18、ion . To solve these problems , we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution . The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment .8 .表示比较1 ) Compared with A , B .2 ) I prefer to read rather than watch TV .3 ) There is a striking contr
19、ast between them .例如:Compared with cars , bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable . Firstly , they do not consume natural resources ofpetroleum . Secondly , they do not cause the pollution problem .Last but not least ,they contribute to people7 s health by giving them due physical
20、exercise .9 .表示数量1 ) It has increased ( decreased ) from . . . to .2 ) The population in this city has now increased (decreased ) to 800 , 000 .3 ) The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January .例如:With the improvement of the living standard , the proportion of pe
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