高中英语语法精讲1句子成分与句子结构学案译林版.docx

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1、句子成分与句子结构1.句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。根据各部分在句子中所起的作用，可以把句子分为主 语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等，起主要作用的是主语和谓语。(1)主语(subject)主语指句子所谈论的主题，作主语的通常是名词、代词，也可以是数词、doing, to do 或者主语从句。lThe efforts you make are sure to pay off sooner or later.你的努力迟早会有回报的。2We can take advantage of this opportunity to strengthen the relationship

2、 between the two companies.我们可以利用这次机会来加强两个公司之间的联系。3Four and five is nine.四力口五等于九。4What yoq need is more practice.你需要的是更多的练习。特别提示动词不定式、动名词或者从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正 的主语后置。5To see such a serious man play jokes on us is amazing.=It is amazing to see such a serious man play jokes on us.看到这么严肃的一个人开我们的玩笑，真令人

3、吃惊。(2)谓语(predicate)谓语用来说明主语所做的动作或主语的特征状态，由行为动词的时态、语态充当。6He succeeded at last by working hard.他通过努力工作最后成功了。7He didnt focus his attention on his study last night.昨天晚上他没有专心学习。8He rims every morning.他每天早上跑步。9The film is interesting.这部电影很有趣。(3)宾语(object)：宾语表示动作的对象或行为的承受者，一般位于及物动词(短语)或 介词后面，有的动词后面有两个宾语一一间

4、接宾语(人)和直接宾语(物)。可作宾语的词通常 有名词、代词、doing、to do或者宾语从句。10He loves English.他喜欢英语。llHis teacher praised him for his courage to take up the challenge.他的老师表扬他接受挑战的勇气。12He enjoys reading some books.他喜欢看书。13I don，t know whether I can make 县 difference to these boys.我不知道会不会对这些男孩产生影响。14Lend me your book, please.请

5、把你的书借给我。间接宾语直接宾语特别提示动词不定式、动名词或者从句作宾语时，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正 的宾语后置。15 I find it not easy t（）improve the situation in a short time.我发现在短时间内改善这种状况是不容易的。（4）表语（predicative）：表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与连系动词一起构 成复合谓语。表语通常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、片ing（短语）、 分词或从句等充当。常见的系动词有：be, become, turn, get, feel, look, sound, remain

6、 等。16Africa is . big continent.非洲是个大洲。17 I feel much better.我感觉好多了。18They seem to know the truth.他们似乎知道真相。19We should remain seated until our teacher returns,我们应该一直坐着直到老 师回来。（5）定语（attribute）：定语起修饰、限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定 语。一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、名词所有格、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词 （短语）或从句等充当。20Dalian is a beautiful cit

7、y.大连是一个美丽的城市。21He works in a trade company.他在一家贸易公司上班。22Is there any difference between spoken English and written English? 英 语口语和书面语之间有什么不同吗？23The man who is talking with a foreigner is my English teacher.正在和一个外国人说话的那个男士是我的英语老师。（6）状语（adverbial）：状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，通常由副词、介 词短涪、动词不定式、分词或从句等充当，可表示时间、

8、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、 伴随、条件、让步、程度、频率等。24 T 11 be back in . while.我一会儿就回来。（时间状语）25 Im very pleased toyou.见到你我非常高兴。（原因状语）26Please call me up if you jeed elp.你如果需要帮助,请给我打电话。（条件状 语）27To realize your potential, you should make an effort.要发挥潜能，你得努 力。(目的状语)(7)宾语补足语(object complement)：位于宾语后，用来补充宾语的意义。由名词、 形容词、副词、

9、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等充当。28IIas he found himself a place to live yet?(名词)他找到地方住了吗？29When we got there, we found the injured unconscious and bleeding.(形容词) 当我们到那里时，我们发现伤者已不省人事而且血流不止。30 She wanted me to give her some money.(不定式)她想让我给她点钱。31We saw the road covered with snow.(过去分词)我们看见路上覆盖着雪。2.句子结构常见的句子结构有八

10、种：(1)主语+谓语(S+V)这种句型中的动词是不及物动词。所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的不及物动词有：work, jump, arrive, come, disappear, cry, happen 等。lThe baby was sleeping.婴儿在睡觉。主语 谓语2Hurry up! The bus is coming.快点!公共汽车来了。主语 谓语(2)主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+0)此句型的特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思, 后面必须跟一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。3 Who knows the answer?

11、谁知道答案？主语谓语一赢一4 He enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。主语谓语 宾语5My sister is writing a letter我姐姐现在正在写信。主语 谓语 宾语(3)主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)该句式侧重说明主语的特征、身份等。常见的连系动词有：be, look, smell, taste, sound, feel, keep, remain, get, become, turn, grow 等。6Thisis an English-Chinese dictionary.主语 连系动词表语这是一本英汉词典。7The lunch tastes good.午餐的味

12、道很好。主语连系动词表语8His faceturnedred.他的脸红了。主语连系动词表语(4)主语十谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+I0+D0)有些谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。常见的接双宾语的动词有：give,offer,show,tell,buy, bring, send, make 等9 Hegavemea book.他给了我一本书。主语谓语宾语1宾语210My motherboughtmea dictionary.主语谓语宾语1宾语2我妈妈给我买了一本词典。lendhow torun the machine.宾语211 Sheshowed me主语谓语宾语1她教我如何操

13、作这台机器。(5)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+0+C)该句型中的谓语动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语不能表达完整的意思，必须加 上一个补充成分才能使其意思完整。They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿色。主语 谓语 宾语宾语补足语13They found the house empty .主语谓语 宾语宾语补足语他们发现那座房子空无一人。14 He asked me to come back soon.他要我很快回来。彘 宾语补足语15 Iheard him singing a song.我听到他在唱歌。主语谓语宾语 宾语补足语(6)主语+谓语+状

14、语(S+V+A)在很多情形中，作谓语的不及物动词后面跟上状语意思才完整。16The pen writes smoothly.这支笔书写流畅。主语 谓语 状语17The sun rises in thn east.太阳从东方升起。主语 谓语 状语18The terrible accident happened yesterday aftereooc. 主语谓语状语这场惨烈的事故发生在昨天下午。(7)主语+谓语+宾语+状语(S+V+0+A)有些及物动词作谓语时，加上宾语后句意仍然不完整，需要加上状语句意才能完整。19 He put the coffee on the table.他把咖啡放在桌子上

15、。主语谓语 宾语状语20 1looked at him in panic.我惊慌地看着他。主语 谓语 宾语 状语特别提示有些状语，如时间状语、原因状语等位置灵活，可出现在句首。(8) there be 句型英语中there be句型表示“(某处)有某物，其中there be后面的名词为句子的主语。 there be句型中be还可以用其他词替代，如live, exist, stand, lie, remain等。21There are many customers in the shop.谓语 主语地点状语商店里有很多顾客。22There stands an ancient tower on t

16、he top of the hill.谓语主语地点状语山顶上矗立着一座古塔。【随堂自测】I.观察下列各组句子的画线部分作何成分，并分别说出其类别 第一组1. The exchange students are celebrating the Christmas.We are anxious to improve our spoken English.3. To know everything is to know nothing.4. Making g good first impression is very important.5. Why he did such thing is not

17、 clear.第二组6. We have revised the text.7. Please look after the twins.第三组8. The students are taking notes.9. 一How many do you want? 一I want two.10. r m looking forward to meeting her.11. Can you tell me wha, impressed you most?第四组12. Andy and I are friends.13. Leaves have gone yellow.14. My duty is t

18、o make our envioonmeet better.15. My hobby is reading.16. Thats where the river joins the sea. 第五组17. Unfoutunately, David missed the train.18. Ten years ago, she began to live in Dalian.19. Seeing jts mother, the baby smiled.20. When he was q boy, John came to China. 第六组21. All work and no play mak

19、es Jack a dull boy.22. I think the meeting formal.23. I saw the kite up grid down.24. I found him in trouble.25. r m sorry to have kept you waiting.26. Last year, they heard their house rebuilt. 第七组27. The pink dress is Marys.28. His name is Tom.29. The boy in blue is Tom.30. There is nothing to do

20、today.31. The smiling lady is very kind.32. The building designed by hen is beautiful.33. Is he the man who/tha, wants to see you? n .分析下列句子结构1. Tom wants to make a good first impression.2. He excitedly found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.3. This afternoon, we had our chemi

21、stry class in the science lab.4. I didn，t feel awkward or frightened at all.5. I plan to become an engineer in the future.6. I am a Grade 10 student at Jinan No. 1 Middle School.语法精讲句子成分与句子结构随堂自测I .第一组第二组第三组第四组第五组第六组第七组II .1. Tom wants to make a good first impression, s-ro2. He excitedly 耳A一foundmost of my classmates and teachers0friendly and helpful. C3. This afternoon, we had our chemistry class in the science lab.A飞T0A4. I didn，t feel awkward or frightened at all.S VP-A -5. I plan to become an engineer in the future.S V0A6. I am a Grade 10 student at Jinan No. 1 Middle School.S VPA