水产动物育种学资料 (10).pdf

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1、Development of Aquatic Animal Genetic Improvement and Dissemination Programs:Current Status and Action Plans Edited byRaul W.PonzoniBelen O.AcostaAlphis G.PonniahIIDevelopment of Aquatic Animal Genetic Improvement and Dissemination Programs:Current Status and Action PlansWorldFish Center is one of t

2、he 16 international research centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research(CGIAR)that has initiated the public awareness campaign,Future Harvest.Development of Aquatic Animal Genetic Improvement and Dissemination Programs:Current Status and Action PlansEdited byRaul W.Ponz

3、oniBelen O.AcostaAlphis G.Ponniah2006Published by The WorldFish Center,P.O.Box 500 GPO,10670 Penang,Malaysia.Ponzoni,R.W.,B.O.Acosta and A.G.Ponniah.(eds).2006.Development of aquatic animal genetic improvement and dissemination programs:current status and action plans,WorldFish Center Conference Pro

4、ceedings 73,120p.Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia.Cataloguing-in-Publication DataDevelopment of aquatic animal genetic improvement and dissemination programs:current status and action plans/edited by Raul W.Ponzoni Belen O.Acosta and Alphis G.Ponniah ISBN 983-2346-53-3 Aquatic animalsGenetics.2.Aquatic

5、animalsBreeding.3.Fishes Genetics.4.FishesBreeding.I Ponzoni,Raul W.II.Acosta,Belen O.III.Ponniah,Alphis G.639.3Design and layout:INTACT Communications Sdn.Bhd.Cover photos by:M.V.GuptaPrinted by:United Print Process Sdn.Bhd.(272654-U)The WorldFish Center Contribution No.1805 2006 The WorldFish Cent

6、er.All rights reserved.This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profi t purposes without the permission of the copyright holders provided that due to acknowledgement of the source is given.This publication may not be copied or distributed electron

7、ically for resale or other commercial purposes without prior permission,in writing,from The WorldFish Center.IIIContentsPreface VIGenetic improvement and effective dissemination:keys to prosperous and sustainable aquaculture industries(R.W.Ponzoni(R.W.Ponzoni()R.W.Ponzoni)R.W.Ponzoni1Lessons from es

8、tablished breeding programs:terrestrial and aquatic animals(B.Kinghorn(B.Kinghorn()7Potential applications of reproductive and molecular genetic technologies in the selective breeding of aquaculture species(N.H.Nguyen,A.G.Ponniah and R.W.Ponzoni)(N.H.Nguyen,A.G.Ponniah and R.W.Ponzoni)(15Breeding pr

9、ograms on Atlantic salmon in Norway lessons learned(J.Thodesen and T.Gjedrem(J.Thodesen and T.Gjedrem()J.Thodesen and T.Gjedrem)J.Thodesen and T.Gjedrem22Lessons from the breeding program on common carp in Hungary(J.Bakos,L.Varadi,S.Gorda and Z.Jeney(J.Bakos,L.Varadi,S.Gorda and Z.Jeney()J.Bakos,L.V

10、aradi,S.Gorda and Z.Jeney)J.Bakos,L.Varadi,S.Gorda and Z.Jeney27Lessons from the breeding program of Rohu(K.D.Mahapatra,R.K.Jana,J.N.Saha,B.Gjerde and N.Sarangi)(K.D.Mahapatra,R.K.Jana,J.N.Saha,B.Gjerde and N.Sarangi)(34Policies on release of improved fish strains in China(L.Sifa(L.Sifa()L.Sifa)L.Si

11、fa41Maintaining the“public good”nature of improved fish strains:dissemination of knowledge and materials(V.Henson-Apollonio)V.Henson-Apollonio)V.Henson-Apollonio45SUMMARY OF THE WORKSHOP DISCUSSIONSRequirements for the development,maintenance and effective dissemination of improved strains51Current

12、status of national breeding programs in member countries of INGA53Constraints to development,maintenance and dissemination of improved strains and strategies needed to address these constraints53Development of country-specific action plans for genetic improvement and dissemination programs of some c

13、ommercially important species59Development of a collaborative genetic improvement program for freshwater prawn72IVDevelopment of Aquatic Animal Genetic Improvement and Dissemination Programs:Current Status and Action PlansAPPENDICES Status of breeding and dissemination programs:1.Freshwater prawn 74

14、 2.Common carp 80 3.Silver barb 84 4a.Tilapia(Asia and Pacific)88 4b.Tilapia(Africa)97 5.Other species:blunt snout bream,rohu and river catfish 105LIST OF PARTICIPANTS111VPREFACEThe worlds food production will have to double to provide food security for the eight billion people projected for 2025.Fi

15、sh is a vital component of food security,especially in developing countries where it contributes up to 80 per cent of animal protein intake.Aquaculture is expected to bridge the widening gap between fish supply and demand and to contribute to the food and nutritional security of the poor in developi

16、ng countries.If aquaculture is to fulfill this critical role of supplying the much needed protein in the diet of the poor,it will have to be through an expansion of the area under aquaculture,underpinned by sound management practices and the use of high quality seed from productive strains.The Norwe

17、gian breeding programs conducted in the 1970s for salmonid fish have shown the possibility of increasing growth through selective breeding.However,it was not sure whether these genetic gains could be obtained in the case of tropical finfish,which contribute about 90 per cent of the global aquacultur

18、e production.This posed a challenge to the WorldFish Center,to come up with methods for the genetic improvement of tropical finfish species used in aquaculture.The Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia(GIFT)project implemented by the WorldFish Center and its Philippine and Norwegian partners demonst

19、rated the appropriateness of traditional selective breeding for genetic improvement of tropical finfish.Realizing the opportunities in the selection of tropical finfish as demonstrated by the successful application of breeding programs in crops,livestock,Atlantic salmon and recently in Nile tilapia,

20、the WorldFish Center and developing countries from Asia and Africa established the International Network on Genetics in Aquaculture(INGA)as a global forum for applied fish breeding and genetics.With the present membership of 13 countries from Asia-Pacific(Bangladesh,China,Fiji,India,Indonesia,Malays

21、ia,Philippines,Thailand and Vietnam)and Africa(Cote dIvoire,Egypt,Ghana and Malawi),with the WorldFish Center as member-coordinator,and 15 advanced scientific institutions,regional,international organizations and the private sector as associate members,the network has been acting as a catalyst for c

22、ollaboration among member institutions and initiation of national genetic improvement programs for commercially important cultured species.Developing countries participating in the INGA have achieved progress in their genetic improvement research and breeding programs and some of these countries now

23、 have improved fish species that are being disseminated to government and private farms.For instance,the impact evaluation study conducted by the Asian Development Bank in selected Asian countries(Bangladesh,Philippines,Thailand and Vietnam)showed that GIFT and GIFT-derived strains account for 68 pe

24、r cent of the total tilapia seed produced in 2003.Apart from tilapias,improved species of commercially important carps have also been developed(e.g.silver barb in Bangladesh and Thailand,rohu in India and common carp in China and Vietnam)and are being disseminated.Whereas significant progress has be

25、en achieved in this respect,the member countries participating in the network are now at a critical stage of their breeding programs,needing guidance and assistance with regard to their future direction.Country reports presented at the 2002 INGA Expert Consultation held in Thailand revealed that,in

26、general,the capacity of the member country institutions(both public and private)to maintain and manage the improved strains is weak and overall strategies for the dissemination of these strains are lacking.In view of this,it is considered crucial that these countries,which are at the critical stage

27、in their genetic improvement and dissemination programs,are assisted to address the challenge of ensuring that the gains derived from genetic research and development are sustained and that the improved strains are disseminated effectively so that targeted end-users obtain the maximum benefits.As an

28、 initial step to determine the kind of support needed to strengthen the ongoing genetic improvement and dissemination programs and to develop additional ones for new species,an assessment of the specific country needs is essential.Such an assessment must include:(i)defining the status of the ongoing

29、 breeding programs and the state of the genetically improved stocks;(ii)critical analyses of bottlenecks that impede the progress of genetic improvement and dissemination;and(iii)formulation of customized solutions to the constraints identified for each country.In response to this,the WorldFish Cent

30、er in collaboration with the China Academy of Fishery Sciences organized the international“Workshop on Dissemination of Improved Fish Strains:Country-Specific Action Plans”on 21-22 September(2005)in Shanghai,China,to bring together the geneticists,biodiversity and aquaculture experts from developing

31、 countries in Asia,Africa and Pacific,and representatives from advanced scientific institutions,regional and international organizations and private sector,to discuss ways to strengthen the ongoing genetic improvement and dissemination programs of member countries,and to develop additional programs

32、for new species.VIDevelopment of Aquatic Animal Genetic Improvement and Dissemination Programs:Current Status and Action PlansThese proceedings contain the papers presented at the workshop,and a synopsis of small group discussions.The synopsis focuses on the requirements for effective implementation

33、 of genetic improvement and dissemination programs,the status of fish breeding programs and genetically improved stocks in the member countries of INGA,constraints to development,effective maintenance and dissemination of improved fish,and country-specific action plans for selected species.We gratef

34、ully acknowledge the Government of China for hosting the meeting of the International Network on Genetics in Aquaculture and for providing the logistical support.Special thanks are also due to workshop participants for their invaluable contributions in the discussions.Editors1Genetic improvement and

35、 effective dissemination:Keys to prosperous and sustainable aquaculture industriesGenetic improvement and effective dissemination:Keys to prosperous and sustainable aquaculture industriesRaul W.Ponzoni The WorldFish Center PO Box 500 GPO,10670 Penang,MalaysiaAbstractIntroductionProduction systems in

36、 developing countries are largely based on the use of unimproved species and strains.As knowledge and experience are accumulated in the management,feeding and animal health issues of such production systems,the availability of genetically more productive stock becomes imperative in order to use the

37、resources more effectively.For instance,there is little point in providing ideal water conditions and optimum feed quality to fish that do not have the potential to grow faster and to be harvested in time to provide a product of the desired quality.Refinements in the production system and improvemen

38、t of the stock used must progress hand in hand.In terrestrial animal species(e.g.dairy cattle,pigs,poultry),genetic improvement programs have made a substantial contribution to industry productivity and viability.The gains achieved among plants species have been even more spectacular.There appears t

39、o be great potential for improvement in aquatic animal species because comparatively little application of genetic improvement technology has taken place to date.Hence,there is ample justification for the planning,design and implementation of research,development and technology transfer of genetic i

40、mprovement programs for aquatic species.Such programs are particularly well suited to contribute to the fulfillment of noble aims,such as increasing the amount of animal protein available to a greater number of the population of developing countries,thus assisting in achieving greater food security.

41、Furthermore,they can do so in a sustainable manner,and without having undesirable environmental repercussions.In this paper,the author gives an overview of the technologies that are available for genetic improvement of fish,and also discusses the essential pre-requisites for effective dissemination

42、of improved stock to farmers.Background against which genetic improvement programs operateThree factors have resulted in a greater demand for fish in the world;namely,an ever-increasing human population,improved economic situation in some sectors,and greater awareness of the health aspects of food.S

43、ince capture fisheries have stagnated,fish farming has become a burgeoning food production system.Fish genetic improvement as a means to help achieve sustainable gainsGenetic improvement programs have the following highly desirable attributes:1.The power to modify the animal to suit a purpose or env

44、ironment2.The ability to provide greater food security and poverty alleviation by increasing productivity,reliability and consistency,and probably achieving permanent gainThere is an increasing demand for fish in the world due to a growing population,better economic situation in some sectors,and gre

45、ater awareness of health issues in relation to food.Since capture fisheries have stagnated,fish farming has become a very fast growing food production system.In this presentation,the author gives an overview of the technologies that are available for genetic improvement of fish,and briefly discuss t

46、heir merit in the context of a sustainable development.He also discusses the essential pre-requisites for effective dissemination of improved stock to farmers.It is concluded that genetic improvement programs based on selective breeding can substantially contribute to sustainable fish production sys

47、tems.Furthermore,if such genetic improvement programs are followed up with effective dissemination strategies,they can result in a positive impact on farmers incomes.2Development of Aquatic Animal Genetic Improvement and Dissemination Programs:Current Status and Action Plans3.The probability to offe

48、r solutions to existing or emerging pathogens,and to environmental challenges4.The potential to provide a favorable return on investment5.The capacity to fill the gap between demand and supply without a negative environmental impact6.The opportunity to assist in managing inbreeding in the production

49、 systemGenetic improvement programs for fish can contribute to the production systems output,both in quantitative and qualitative terms,by enhancing traits of major importance,such as:Growth rate to harvest weight or time Survival Stress and disease resistance Cold water tolerance Sexual maturation

50、Product quality Feed efficiencyThe emphasis placed upon these traits will depend on a number of factors.For instance,the phase of the improvement program,specific circumstances in terms of diseases and environmental challenges,and so on.Typically,a considerable amount of effort is devoted to the imp