2023届高考英语语法之被动语态的用法总结讲义.docx

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1、2023年高中英语语法之被动语态的用法总结与训练英语中被动语态的用法总结一般现在时的被动语态为Am /is/ are +动词的过去分词；一般 过去时的被动语态为Was /were +动词的过去分词；一般将来时的被 动语态为Will be +动词的过去分词；现在进行时的被动语态为I am/is/are +being +动词的过去分词。一、英语中被动语态的用法总结1 .一般现在时的被动语态：Am /is/ are +动词的过去分词2 . 一般过去时的被动语态：Was /were +动词的过去分词3 .一般将来时的被动语态：Will be +动词的过去分词4 .现在进行时的被动语态：I am/is/

2、are +being +动词的过去 分词5 .现在完成时的被动语态：Have /has +been +动词的过去分词6 .情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+ be +动词的过去分词二、被动语态的基本用法1 .需要强调动作的接受者时：The Great Wall is enjoyed by millions of people all over the world.2 .不知道或者没有必要指明动作的执行者时：The Great Wall is enjoyed by millions of people all over the world.3 .当讲话者需要强调客观性时：It is said tha

3、t she was a beauty when she was young.三、主动语态是如何变成被动语态的B. are givenC.have givenD. to give8. With the development of science, more new technology to the fields of IT.A. has introducedB. is being introducedC. is introducedD. was introducedtoo long.B. had been cookedC. was cookedD. had cooked10. He kept

4、 a little notebook, in which the names and addresses of his friendsB. was writingC.was writtenD. were written11. “Look! Everything here is under constructionv “What is the small building that for?”A. is being buildingB. has been builtC. is builtD. is being built12. Hundreds of jobs if the factory cl

5、oses.B. will be lostC.are lostD. will losered sky in the morning to be a sign of bad weather.A. saysB. is sayingC. has saidD. is said14. New medicines and instruments every day to extend lifeB. are being developedC.are developingD. have developed【答案与解析】1 .选B。一方面语意要求要被动语态，另一方面从句时态暗示主 句应用一般过去时。2 .选 Do

6、 此句也可说成 It is said that a red sky in the morning is a sian of bad weather3 .选A, “get+过去分词”表被动。4 .选D,从逻辑上说，“会议”应是被开，故用被动式。5 .选B。从语境上看，develop不仅要用被动语态，而且要用进 行时态。6 .选A,该用法中的permit为不及物动词，不用被动语态。其 中 if time permits 也可换成 time permitting7 .选B。谓语为give sb sth结构的被动语态形式。8 .选B。技术应该是“被”引进，故用被动语态；根据语境句子 应用现在进行时。9

7、 .选B。从句意上看，“牛肉”应该是“被”煮，故句子要用被 动语态；从时间上看，由于句中有didnt taste very good,所以“煮得太久”应该在这一过去时间之前，故用过去完成时。10 .选 Do in which were written the names and addresses- 为倒装句式，其正常表达为the names and addresses of his friends were written in the notebook.11 .选D。因为building应该是“被建”，故用被动语态；再根据前文的look under construction等信息词可知，此

8、处应用现在进行时态。12 .选B。jobs与lose应为被动关系，故用被动语态；再根据条 件状语从句中的一般现在时可知主句以用一般将来时为宜。13 .选D。因为主语ared sky与谓语动词say之间为被动关系， 故用被动语态。14 .选B。因为“新的药物和器械”与“开发”之间为被动关系， 故用被动语态。宾变主，主变宾，谓变be done时不变，数格必须随被变。注：1 .主动、被动的时态要一致。2 .主动、被动的句式要一致。3 .变成的被动语态的主语与谓语在单复数上保持一致。四、一般过去时的被动语态基本句式(1)肯定式：主语+ was/were +过去 分词+by(2)否定式：主语+was/w

9、ere + not +过去分词+ by(3) 一般疑问句：Was/Were+主语+过去分词+by(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑+was/were+过去分词+by被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词+be+过去分词。例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动 结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变 为主语的是间接宾语。例 Uis mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改

10、 为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3)当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语 变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动 结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加

11、8。例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词+介词”，“动词 +副词等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能 分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3.非谓语动词的被动语态v. +ing形式及不定式to do也有被动语态（一般时态和完成时 态）。例 I dont like being laughed at

12、 in the public.主动语态与被动语态的转换规则把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：1 .先找出谓语动词；2 .再找出谓语动词后的宾语；3 .把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；4 .注意人称、时态和数的变化。例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is written by Bruce every week.布鲁斯每星期写一封信。2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning. The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this mornin

13、g.李雷今天上午在修理坏 的自行车。3. He has written two novels so far. -*Two novels have been written by him so far.至今他已写了两部小说。4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow. Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.他们明天将要种植十棵树。5. Lucy is writing a letter now. A letter is being written by Lucy now.露西正在写信。6. You must lock

14、the door when you leave. -*the door must be locked when you leave.当你离开的时候你必须把门锁上。三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：1 .不及物动词无被动语态。What wi 11 happen in 100 years?百年里会发生什么事？The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 约 65万年前恐龙灭绝。2 .有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。This pen writes well.这支钢笔很好写。This new book sells well.这本新书卖的很好

15、。3 .感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中 不带to ,但变为被动语态时，须加上to o例：make somebody do something-somebody+ be +made to do somethingsee somebody do something somebody +be +seen to do somethingA girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by. My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. 一个女孩看至U 我的钱夹掉了当她经过的时

16、候。The boss made the little boy do heavy work, f The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.这个老板让这小男孩干 重活。4 .如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主 语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。He gave me a book. 一卜book was given to me by him. 他给 了我一本书。He showed me a ticket. -*A ticket was shown to me by him. 他给我展示了一张票

17、。My father bought me a new bike, f A new bike was bought for me by my father.我父亲给我买了一辆新自行车。5 . 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体, 而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。We can t laugh at him. fie can, t be laugh at by us. 我 们不能嘲笑他。He listens to the radio every day. -The radio is listened to by him every day.他每天都收听广播。不能用于被动语杰的情况1）某

18、些表示“静态”的及物动词（表示状态而不是动作，而且 常常是不可用于进行时态的动词）如have, fit, suit, hold（容纳）， cost, suffer, last （持续）等不能用于被动语态。如：They have a nice car.他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。My shoes dont fit me.我的鞋不合适。My brain cant hold so much information at one time.我 的脑子一下子记不住这么多资料。How much / What does it cost?这值多少钱？Our holiday lasts lOdays.我们的假期有十天

19、。This food will last （them） （for） 3days.这食物足够（他 们）（吃）三天。2）不是所有带介词的动词都能用于被动结构。若是构成成语动 词通常有被动态，若不构成成语动词则无被动态。试比较：They arrived at a decision. ?A decision was arrived at. 他 们作出了决定。They arrived at the station.他们到达车站。（不说：The station was arrived at.）He looked into the question. ?The question was looked int

20、o.他调查了这个问题。3）动词leave （离开），enter （进入），join （参加）这一类 词不可用于被动语态。如：The car left the road and hit a tree.车子离开了 道路，撞 上了树。4）某些及物动词可作不及物动词用，特别是后加副词（如well, easily等）时。主动语态有被动含义，这类动词常见的有sell,write, wear, wash, cook, open, close, lock, read, record 等。如：His new novel is selling well.他的新小说很畅销。The cloth washes well

21、.这布很耐洗。This material won * t wear.这种材料不耐穿。His play won t act.他的戏剧不会上演。The window won t shut. 这窗关不上。The door won11 open. 这 门打不开。The door won* t lock. 这门锁不上。This poem reads well. 这 首诗读来很好。5） feel, look, appear, sound, taste, smell 等由实意动词 演变而来的系动词，后接形容词作表语，不可用于被动语态。如：Tell me if you feel cold.你要是感到冷就告诉我

22、。Youre looking very unhappywhat * s the matter?你看来很 不高兴怎么回事儿？The soup tastes wonderful.这汤味道好极了。Those roses smell beautiful.那些玫瑰好闻极了。She appears to be friendly.她看上去很友好。6）宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时，不可用于被动语态。如：Peter hoped to meet her.彼得希望遇见她。Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter.史密斯先生喜欢看他 的女儿。7）宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，不可用

23、于被动语态。如：She can dress herself.她可以自己穿衣服。We could hardly see each other in the fog.在雾中我们彼 此几乎看不见。8)宾语是同源宾语时，不可用于被动语态。如：They live a happy life.他们过着幸福的生活。The girl dreamed a sweet dream .那女孩做了个甜美的梦。9)宾语带有与主语有照应关系的物主代词时，不可用于被动语 态。如：The old man broke his (=the old man * s) legs.那老人把自 己的腿弄断了。The girl shook

24、her (=the girl s) head.那女孩摇了摇头。专题训练一被动语态(有详解)1. The presidenta cool reception when he visitedLondon.B. was givenC.had givenD. had been given2. A red sky in the morning to be a sign of bad weatherB. is sayingC. has saidD. is said3 If you go there alone after dark you might getA. attacked and robbed B

25、. attacking and robbingB. to attack and robD. to be attacked and robbed4. What T wanted to know was when and where the meeting,A. was holdingB. had heldC. was to holdD. was to be held5. New medicines and instruments every day to extendlifeB. are being developedC.are developingD. have developed6. I111 come after the meeting if timeB. is permittingC. is permittedD. has permitted7. The students+50a year to cover the cost of books and stationery.