英语六级阅读冲刺训练.pdf

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1、Y ou sta re a t wa te rf a ll f or a minute or two,a nd th e n sh if t your g a ze to itssurrounding s.W h a t you now se e a ppe a rs to drif t upwa rd.Th e se optic a l illusions oc c ur b e c a use th e b ra in is c onsta ntly ma tc h ing its mode lof re a lity to sig na ls f rom th e b ody*s se

2、nsors a nd inte rpre ting wh a t must b e h a ppe ningth a t your b ra in must h a ve move d,not th e oth e r;th a t downwa rd motions is now norma l,so a c h a ng e f rom it must now b e pe rc e ive d a s upwa rd motion.Th e se nsors th a t ma ke th is ma g ic a re of two kinds.Ea c h e ye c onta i

3、ns a b out 120mill ion rods,wh ic h provide some wh a t b lurry b la c k a nd wh ite vision.Th e se a re th ewindows of nig h t vision;onc e a da pte d to th e da rk,th e y c a n de te c t a c a ndle b urningte n mile s a wa y.Color vision in e a c h e ye c ome s f rom six to se ve n million struc t

4、ure s c a lle d c one s.U nde r ide a l c onditions,e ve ry c one c a n“se e th e e ntire ra inb ow spe c trum of visib lec olors,b ut one type of c one is most se nsitive to re d,a noth e r to g re e n,a th irdto b lue.Rods a nd c one s se nd th e ir me ssa g e s pulsing a n a ve ra g e 20 to 25 ti

5、me s pe r se c onda long th e optic ne rve.W e se e a n ima g e f or a f ra c tion of a se c ond long e r th a n ita c tua lly a ppe a rs.I n movie s,re e ls of sti 11 ph otog ra ph s a re proje c te d onto sc re e nsa t 24 f ra me s pe r se c ond,tric king our e ye s into se e ing a c ontinuous mov

6、ing pic ture.L ike a ppa re nt motion,c olor vision is a lso sub je c t to unusua l e f f e c ts.W h e nda y g ive s wa y to nig h t,twilig h t b ring s wh a t th e poe t T.S.Eliot c a lle d“th e viole th our.A lig h t le ve ls f a l1,th e rods b e c ome prog re ssive ly le ss re sponsive.Rodsa re m

7、ost se nsitive to th e sh orte r wa ve le ng th s of b lue a nd g re e n,a nd th e y impa rta stra ng e vividne ss to th e g a rde ny s b lue f lowe rs.Howe ve r,look a t a wh ite sh irt during th e re ddish lig h t of sunse t,a nd you11 still se e it in its“true c olor一wh ite,not re d.Our e ye s a

8、re c onsta ntlyc ompa ring a n ob je c t a g a inst its surrounding s.Th e y th e re f ore ob se rve th e e f f e c t ofa sh if t in th e c olor of illumina ting on b oth,a nd a djust a c c ording ly.Th e e ye s c a n disting uish se ve ra l million g ra dua tions of lig h t a nd sh a de of c olor.E

9、a c h wa king se c ond th e y f la sh te ns of millions of pie c e s of inf orma tion to th e b ra in,wh ic h we a ve s th e m inc e ssa ntly into a pic ture of th e world a round us.Y e t a l 1 th is is done a t th e b a c k of e a c h e ye b y a f a b ric of se nsors,c a lle dth e re tina,a b out

10、a s wide a nd a s th ic k a s a posta g e sta mp.A s th e Re na issa nc e inve ntora nd a rtist L e ona rdo da V inc i wrote in wonde r,“W h o would b e lie ve th a t so sma ll aspa c e c ould c onta in th e ima g e s of a ll th e unive rse?”1.V isua l illusions of te n ta ke pla c e wh e n th e ima

11、 g e of re a lity i s _ _ _.A.ma tc h e d to six to se ve n million struc ture s c a lle d c one s.B.c onf use d in th e b ody s se nsors of b oth rods a nd c one s.C.inte rpre te d in th e b ra in a s wh a t must b e th e c a se.D.sig na le d b y a b out 120 million rods in th e e ye.2.Th e visua l

12、 se nsor th a t is c a pa b le of disting uish ing sh a de s of c olor is c a lle dA.c one sB.c olor visionC.rodsD.spe c trum3.Th e re tina se nd pulse s to th e b ra in _ _.A.in sh ort wa ve le ng th sB.a s c olor pic ture sC.b y a g a ng lion c e llD.a long th e optic ne rve.4.Twe nty-f our still

13、ph otog ra ph s a re ma de into a c ontinuous moving pic ture justb e c a use _ _ _.A.th e ima g e we se e usua lly sta ys long e r th a n it a c tua lly a ppe a rs.B.we se e a n ob je c t in c ompa rison with its surrounding s.C.th e e ye s c a tc h million pie c e s of inf orma tion c ontinuously.

14、D.rods a nd c one s se nd me ssa g e s 20 to 25 time s a se c ond.5.Th e a uth orJ s purpose in writing th e pa ssa g e lie s in _.A.sh owing th a t we some time s a re de c e ive d b y our own e ye s.B.inf orming us a b out th e dif f e re nt f unc tions of th e e ye org a ns.C.re g re tting th a t

15、 we a re too slow in th e study of e ye s.I),ma rve ling a t th e g re a t work done b y th e re tina.答案：CA DA BI t b e ing not only possib le b ut e ve n e a sy to pre dic t wh ic h te n-ye a r-old b oysa re a t g re a te st risk of g rowing up to b e pe rsiste nt of f e nde rs,wh a t a re we doing

16、with th e inf orma tion?J ust a b out th e la st th ing th a t we sh ould do is to wa it untilth e ir troub le s h a ve e sc a la te d in a dole sc e nc e a nd th e n a tta c k th e m with th e provisionsof th e ne w Crimina l J ustic e Bill.I f th is b ill b e c ome s la w,ma g istra te s will h a

17、ve th e powe r to impose re side ntia lc a re orde rs.M ore young pe ople will b e dra wn into institutiona l lif e wh e n a ll th ee vide nc e sh ows th a t th is worse ns ra th e r th a n improve s th e ir prospe c ts.Th eintroduc tion of sh ort sh a rp sh oc ks in de te ntion c e nte rs will simp

18、ly g ive more youngpe ople a ta ste of some th ing e lse th e y don t ne e d;th e wh ole re g ime of de te ntionc e nte rs is one of toug h e ning de linque nts,a nd if you wa nt to tra in some one to b ea nti-e sta b lish me nt,I c a n t th ink of a b e tte r wa y to do it,“sa ys th e write rof th

19、is re port.Th e Ca mb ridg e I nstitute of Criminolog y c ome s up with f ive ke y f a c tors th a t a relike ly to ma ke f or de linque nc y:a low inc ome f a mily a la rg e f a mily,pa re nts de e me db y soc ia l worke rs to b e b a d a t ra ising c h ildre n,pa re nts wh o th e mse lve s h a ve

20、ac rimina l re c ord,a nd low inte llig e nc e in th e c h ild.N ot surprising ly,th e f a c torste nd to ove rla p.Of th e 63 b oys in th e sa mple wh o h a d a t le a st th re e of th e m wh e nth e y we re te n,h a lf b e c a me juve nile de linque ntsc ompa re d with only a f if th of th esa mpl

21、e a s a wh ole.Th re e more f a c tors ma ke th e pre dic tion more a c c ura te:b e ing judg e d troub le someb y te a c h e rs a t th e a g e of te n,h a ving a f a th e r with a t le a st two c rimina l c onvic tionsa nd h a ving a noth e r me mb e r of th e f a mily with a c rimina l re c ord.Of

22、 th e 3 5 me n wh oh a d a t le a st two of th e se f a c tors in th e ir b a c kg round 18 b e c a me pe rsiste ntde linque nts a nd 8 more we re in troub le with th e la w.A mong th ose ke y f a c tors,f a r a nd a wa y th e most importa nt wa s h a ving a pa re ntwith a c rimina l re c ord,e ve n

23、 if th a t h a d b e e n a c quire d in th e dista nt pa st,e ve nth oug h ve ry f e w pa re nts did oth e r th a n c onde mn de linque nt b e h a vior in th e ir c h ildre n.Th e role of th e sc h ools e me rg e s a s e xtre me ly importa nt.Th e most re lia b lepre dic tion of a l 1 on th e f utur

24、e s of b oys c a me f rom te a c h e rs*ra ting s of h owtroub le some th e y we re a t th e a g e of te n.I f th e inf orma tion is th e re in th e c la ssroomth e re must b e a re sponse th a t b ring s more a tte ntion to th ose troub le some c h ildre n:a se a rc h f or th ing s to g ive th e m

25、c re dit f or oth e r th a n a c a de mic a c h ie ve me nt,a re f usa lto a llow th e m to g o on pla ying trua nt,a nd a f oste ring of a mb ition a nd opportunitywh ic h sh ould sta rt e a rly in th e ir sc h ool c a re e rs.1.A c c ording to th e a uth or,de linque nc y sh ould b e ta c kle d _

26、_ _.A.b e f ore a dole sc e nc eB.during institutiona l tre a tme ntC.during a dole sc e nc eD.wh e n th e prob le m b e c ome s a c ute2.Th e numb e r of young of f e nde rs c ould b e re duc e d b y th e wa y of _.A.ne w le g a l me a sure sB.b e tte r re side ntia l c a reC.b rie f pe riods of h

27、a rsh punish me ntD.e xa mina tion of th e ir b a c kg rounds3.W h a t is th e outc ome re sult of putting young of f e nde rs into de te ntion c e nte rs?A.Th e y b e c ome more viole ntB.Th e y re c e ive use f ul tra iningC.Th e y b e c ome use d to institutionsD.Th e y turn a g a inst soc ie ty4

28、.Te n-ye a r-old c h ildre n like ly to b e c ome of f e nde rs a re usua lly_.A.spoilt c h ildre n f rom sma ll f a milie s.B.b rig h t c h ildre n in a poor f a mily.C.dull c h ildre n with ma ny b roth e rs a nd siste rs.D.c h ildre n wh ose pa re nts h a ve a c quire d we a lth dish one stly.5.T

29、h e write r c onc lude s th a t pote ntia l of f e nde rs c ould b e h e lpe d b y _.A.spe nding more time a t sc h oolB.more e nc oura g e me nt a t sc h oolC.more a c tivitie s outside sc h oolD.stric te r tre a tme nt f rom te a c h e rs答案：A DDCBTh e word re lig ion is de rive d f rom th e L a ti

30、n noun re lig io,wh ic h de note s b othe a rne st ob se rva nc e of ritua l ob i i g a t ions a nd a n inwa rd spirit of re ve re nc e.I n mode rnusa g e,re lig ion c ove rs a wide spe c trum of me a ning th a t re f le c ts th e e normous va rie tyof wa ys th e te rm c a n b e inte rpre te d.A t o

31、ne e xtre me,ma ny c ommitte d b e lie ve rsre c og nize only th e ir own tra dition a s a re lig ion,unde rsta nding e xpre ssions suc ha s worsh ip a nd pra ye r to re f e r e xc lusive ly to th e pra c tic e s of th e ir tra dition.A lth oug h ma ny b e lie ve rs stop sh ort of c la iming a n e x

32、c lusive sta tus f or th e irtradition,they may nevertheless use vague or idealizing terms in defining religionfor example,true love of God,or the path of enlightenment.At the other extreme,religion may be equated with ignorance,fanaticism,or wishful thinking.By defining religion as a sacred engagem

33、ent with what is taken to be a spiritualreality,it is possible to consider the importance of religion in human life withoutmaking claims about what it really is or ought to be.Religion is not an object witha single,fixed meaning,or even a zone with clear boundaries.It is an aspect ofhuman experience

34、 that may intersect,incorporate,or transcend other aspects of lifeand society.Such a definition avoid the drawbacks of limiting the investigationof religion to Western or biblical categories such as monotheism(belief in one godonly)or to church structure,which are not universal.For example,in tribal

35、societies,religion unlike the Christian church usually is not a separateinstitution but pervades the whole of public and private life.In Buddhism,gods are not as central as the idea of a Buddha.In many traditionalcultures,the idea of a sacred cosmic order is the most prominent religious belief.Becau

36、se of this variety,some scholars prefer to use a general term such as the sacredto designate the common foundation of religious life.Religion in this understanding includes a complex of activities that cannotbe reduced to any single aspect of human experience.It is a part of individual lifebut also

37、of group dynamics.Reiigion includes patterns of behavior but also patternsof language and thought.It is sometimes a highly organized institution that setsitself apart from a culture,and it is sometimes an integral part of a culture.Religious experience may be expressed in visual symbols,dance and pe

38、rformance,elaborate philosophical systems,legendary and imaginative stories,formalceremonies,and detailed rules of ethical conduct and law.Each of these elementsassumes innumerable cultural forms.In some ways there are as many forms of religiousexpression as there are human cultural environments.1.W

39、hat is the passage mainly concerned about?A.Religion has a variety of interpretation.B.Religion is a reflection of ignorance.C.Religion is not only confined to the Christian categories.D.Religion includes all kinds of activities.2.What does the word“observance“probably convey in Para.1?A.noticeB.wat

40、chingC.conformityD.experience3.According to the passage what people generally consider religion to be?A.Fantastic observanceB.Spiritual practiceC.Individual observance of traditionD.A complex of activities4.Which of the following is not true?A.It is believed by some that religion should be what it o

41、ught to be.B.The path of enlightenment,is a definition that the author doesn,t agreeto.C.According to the author,the committed believers define religion improperly.D.The author doesn,t speak in favor of the definition of“the sacred”.5.Which of the following is religion according to the passage?A.Per

42、formance of human beings.B.Buddha,monotheism and some tribal tradition.C.Practice separated from culture.D.All the above.答案：A C B D BIt being not only possible but even easy to predict which ten-year-old boysare at greatest risk of growing up to be persistent offenders,what are we doingwith the info

43、rmation?Just about the last thing that we should do is to wait untiltheir troubles have escalated in adolescence and then attack them with the provisionsof the new Criminal Justice Bill.If this bill becomes law,magistrates will have the power to impose residentialcare orders.More young people will b

44、e drawn into institutional life when all theevidence shows that this worsens rather than improves their prospects.Theintroduction of short sharp shocks in detention centers will simply give more youngpeople a taste of something else they don,t need;the whole regime of detentioncenters is one of toug

45、hening delinquents,and if you want to train someone to beanti-establishment,I can t think of a better way to do it,“says the writerof this report.Th e Ca mb ridg e I nstitute of Criminolog y c ome s up with f ive ke y f a c tors th a t a relike ly to ma ke f or de linque nc y:a low inc ome f a mily

46、a la rg e f a mily,pa re nts de e me db y soc ia l worke rs to b e b a d a t ra ising c h ildre n,pa re nts wh o th e mse lve s h a ve ac rimina l re c ord,a nd low inte llig e nc e in th e c h ild.N ot surprising ly,th e f a c torste nd to ove rla p.Of th e 63 b oys in th e sa mple wh o h a d a t l

47、e a st th re e of th e m wh e nth e y we re te n,h a lf b e c a me juve nile de linque ntsc ompa re d with only a f if th of th esa mple a s a wh ole.Th re e more f a c tors ma ke th e pre dic tion more a c c ura te:b e ing judg e d troub le someb y te a c h e rs a t th e a g e of te n,h a ving a f

48、a th e r with a t le a st two c rimina l c onvic tionsa nd h a ving a noth e r me mb e r of th e f a mily with a c rimina l re c ord.Of th e 3 5 me n wh oh a d a t le a st two of th e se f a c tors in th e ir b a c kg round 18 b e c a me pe rsiste ntde linque nts a nd 8 more we re in troub le with t

49、h e la w.A mong th ose ke y f a c tors,f a r a nd a wa y th e most importa nt wa s h a ving a pa re ntwith a c rimina l re c ord,e ve n if th a t h a d b e e n a c quire d in th e dista nt pa st,e ve nth oug h ve ry f e w pa re nts did oth e r th a n c onde mn de linque nt b e h a vior in th e ir c

50、h ildre n.Th e role of th e sc h ools e me rg e s a s e xtre me ly importa nt.Th e most re lia b lepre dic tion of a ll on th e f uture s of b oys c a me f rom te a c h e rs,ra ting s of h owtroub le some th e y we re a t th e a g e of te n.I f th e inf orma tion is th e re in th e c la ssroomth e r